
Class. 
Book- 



ET^Q i 



S 5^ 




I BATTLES OF MEXICO!! |i 







jtiiiUeoj (JuuruJuSLO. 



COrfT*IT«tNO 



AN AUTHENTIC ACCOUNT 

OF ALL THE 

Battles Jbu9l)t in tl)at Republic 

TO THK 

CLOSE OF THE ¥AR, 

WITH A LIST OF THE KILLED AND WOUNDED: 

TOGETHER WITH 

A BRIEF SKETCH OF THE 

LIVES OF GENERALS SCOTT AND TAYLOR, 

INCLUPING THn 

TREATY OF PEACE. 



ILLUSTRATED WITH FIFTEEN BEAUTIFUL ENGRAVINGS. 



NEW YORK: J. C. BURDICK, 162 NASSAU-ST 
PIIII.AD.: T. B. PETERSON,.98 CHE3NUT-ST. 

1848. 






-^MSSJ USPSi^^'^ 



^^^^ 



HALLS OF THE lONTEZUMAS: 



OR, 




MEXICO, 

AS IT WAS AND AS IT IS: 

CONTAINING 

A CONCISE HISTORY OF THE ANCIENT AND 
MODERN RACES, ANTIQUITIES: 

AND ESPECIALLY 

ITS SPLENDID PALACES AND HALLS OF STATE: 

ALSO 

ITS GEOGRAPHY, GOVERNMENT, INSTITUTIONS, MINES, 

MINERALS, ANb CHURCHES: 

TOGETHER WITH 

THE CONQUEST BY CORTES AND A SKETCH OF THE LATB 

WAR WITH THE UNITED STATES- 

INCLUDING THE 

TREATY OF PEACE. 

ILLUSTRATED AVITH TWENTY BEAUTIFUL ENGRAVINGS. 




NEW- YORK : J. C. BITRDICK, 162 NASSAU-ST. 

PHII.ADKI.rillA: T. B. PKTEII-^Oa. ^8 CIIE;iT.Ni:T-ST. 

1848. 



^-^^=^^^^^)^— — '-^ 










^yf^^^W 






r.-uT'^Rfi^.i^S 



CITY OF MEXICO. 




N O Iv, T I! V. U N K X " ■ W V. V. I '1' Y O 1 P )■'. IJ R f- A D K LOS A N G K LOS. 



BATTLES OF MEXICO: 



CONTA8NINQ AN AUTHENXIO ACCOUNT 



OF 



ALL THE BATTLES FOUGHT 



IN THAT REPUBLIC 

mCLUDINa THE 

%^ TREATY OF PEACE; 

WITH A LIST OF THE KILLED AND WOUNDED, 

TOGETHER WITH 

A BRIEF SKETCH OF THE 

LIVES OF GENERALS SCOTT AND TAYLOR. 

ttiLUSTRATED WITH FirrEEN BEAUTIFUL ENGRAVINGS. 



NEW-YORK: 

J 0. BURDICK, 162 NASSAU-ST 

1848. 



^. 






Entered accoraing to Act of Congress, in the year 1847, 
By E. HUTCHINSON 
ia the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Southent 
District of New York. 




SANTA ANN-A. 




STORMING OF MONTfiRKV. 




BATTLE OF PALO ALTO. 



PREFACE. 

The following pages are designed to record, in 
a brief manner, those facts in reference to the 
war in Mexico, worthy of preservation. It com- 
prehends the substance ot larger works, and is more 
convenient for reference. Lists of killed and 
wounded are given as fully and accurately as the 
official and authoritive reports would admit. 

It is painful to contemplate, and especially des- 
cribe the scenes of the battle field — the streams of 
blood — the groans of the wounded and dying — the 
huiidreds or thousands slain — the gasp of death — the 
crushed hopes — undying spirits thus ushered sudden- 
ly and awfully into the presence of their Judge, per- 
haps unprepared — it is apalling ! and we would turn 
away and weep for poor, depraved humanity. Still 
it is desirable that the facts should be laid before the 
public. How many wives, at the commencement 
of the war, parted with their companions never to 
meet again in this world, and are now eager to 
know all the circumstances connected with the 
war ! How many parents, bereft of dear children, 
how many brothers and sisters, deprived of those 
whom they loved, are intensely anxious to hear all 
the particulars of each battle! 

We present these pages to the public hoping the 
tragical scenes here described may deter others from 
imbibing a war spirit. We exhort them not to be 
influenced by the martial array, the din of battle 
and' the clash of arms, and all the exciting parE- 
pharnaiiaof war. 




BATTLK OK SIERRA GORDO. 




BATTLE OF BUENA VISTA . 



BRIEF SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF GENERAL 
SCOTT. 

WiNFiELD Scott was born June 13th, 1786, near Peters- 
burgh, Virginia. His grandfather was a Scotchman, who fled 
to this cauntry in consequence of being involved in the rebell- 
ion of 1847. Flis only son was William, who died in 1791, 
leaving two sons, the youngest of whom was Winfield. 

His mother was a very amiable lady and endowed with superior 
intellectual and other accomplishments. She died in 1803, 
when the subject of this notice was only seventeen years of age. 

At this time Winfield was noted for energy, stability of 
character, a high sense of honor, and warm social feelino"3. He 
studied one year in the High School at Richmond, and spent 
two years at William and Mary College, attending law lectures. 

At the age of twenty years he was admitted to the bar as a 
lawyer. 

In 1807 he emigrated to South Carolina, intending to prac- 
tise law at Charleston; but in 1808 Congress determined to 
increase the army on account of English aggressions, and young 
Scott was appointed Captain of a compapy of Light Artillery 
by President Jefferson. In July, 1812, he was promoted to 
Lieutenant-Colonel, and was ordered to the Niagara frontier, 
as war between the United States and England had been de- 
clared. He soon distinguished himself by recapturing a 
British brig in Niagara river. In October. 1812, he proceeded 
to Lewiston, and with six hundred men repulsed a large force 
of the enemy. Finally, after several severe conflicts, the ene- 
my being reinforced (having 1300 men), and Scott's band 
being reduced to 300, they were obliged to surrender to the 
British. 

The American prisoners were sent to Quebec, and thence to 
Boston. Scott was soon exchanged, and joined the army at 
Fort Niagara in May, 1813, as Adjutant-General. He soon 
led on the advanced guard in an attack on Fort George, and 
with great bravery repulsed the British, and captured the fort. 

March 9th, 1814, he was promoted to the rank of Brigadier- 
General. In July his brigade and a corps of artillery crossed 
Niagara river and captured Fort EriCj and then advanced to 



14 BATTLES OF MEXICO, 

Chippewa, and, with 1900 men, entirely routed 2100 of the 
enemy. 

July 25th, Scott advanced towards Niagara and again met a 
large foroe of the enemy. The battle was fierce, and Scott 
manifested the greatest bravery, having two horses shot under 
him. He waswounded in his side, and finally disabled by a 
musket ball passing through his left shoulder. At midnight 
the Americans gained possession of the field, after a loss of 860, 
while the British lost 878. 

Scott, immediately after this celebrated battle, was appointed 
Major-General, at the age of 28. 

In 1816 he visited Europe, and on his return married Miss 
Maria Mayo, of Richmond, Va. Ho has several daughters, but 
no son living. 

In 1831-2 he engaged in the " Black Hawk war," and finally 
terminated it by a treaty with the Indians. 

When nullification in South Carolina threatened the country 
with civil war, Scott by his cunning yet peaceful and friendly 
proceedings, calmed the impending storm. 

January 20th, 1836, he was ordered to take the command of 
the army in Florida and carry on the Seminole war. He had 
many skirmishes ; but was recalled by the grumbling of enemies. 

He made peace when there was a threatened invasion of 
Canada by Americans on the frontier in 1837. The steamer 
Caroline was burned by the British ; but the olive branch was 
finally accepted. , 

In 1838 he prevented a probable war with the Cherokee In- 
dians. 

He was the great " Pacificator" in the adjustment of the 
North-eastern boundary. It was undoubtedly by his wise man- 
agement that a dreadfully severe war was prevented. Perhaps 
there is no man living who has so distinguished himself as a 
brave general and kind pacificator. 

His achievements in the Mexican war are described in the 
following pages. 



BRIEF SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF GENERAL 
TAYLOR. 



This dIstiDguished General was a native of " The Old Do- 
BHnion." He was born iu Orange County, Va., November 
^Ith, 1784. His father, Richard Taylor, was somewhat noted 
as a military man in that State. Zaohary is now (1847) 63 
years old. 

In 1785 his father moved to Kentucky, near Louisville, 
where Zaohary spent most of his childhood. 

As good schools were scarce at that time in Kentucky, his 
education was neglected. He was brought up on a farm ; but 
had a taste for military glory, and in May, 1808, President 
Jefferson appointed him a Lieutenant in the army at the age of 
14 years. His first wreath of glory was won at " Ti/j/jecanoe," 
in a desperate battle with the Indians, May 7th, 1811. In con- 
sequence of his bravery in this conflict, President Madison gave 
him a Captain's commission. 

In the spring of 1812 he was placed in command of Fort 
Harrison on the Wabash. War with England had been de- 
clared, and Tecumsoh, with his Indian warriors, was resolved to 
exterminate the whites. Taylor had only 50 men in the fort, 
and half of them disabled by fever. September 4th, 1812, the 
Indians attacked the fort about midnight. The sentinels were 
driven in, the block-house of the fort was on fire, and destruc- 
tion seemed to be their inevitable lot. Taylor ordered a part 
of his men to extinguish the flames, and the remainder to return 
the fire. For seven hours the conflict was severe, and the savage 
jells terrific ; but the Indians were obliged to retire. 

After this brave defence Taylor was promoted to the rank of 
brevet-Major. At the close of the war, by the influence of ene- 
mies, he was reduced to the rank of Captain, and, resenting the 
insult, he retired to his farm. 

In 1815 he was reinstated by President Madison, and p^ro- 
©eeded, in 1816, to Green Bay. He was soon appointed 
Lieutenant-Colonel, and, until 1832, was on the Western and 
North-westeru frontiers', performing important servicea. 



16 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 

General Jac&son, in 1832, appointed him Colonel, and sent him 
into the " Black Hawk war." In July General Atkinson ar- 
rived at the scene of action with 2500 men, including 400 under 
Colonel Taylor. When the Indians retreated into the wilder- 
ness, 1300 men under Taylor were ordered in pursuit. They 
overtook them near the junction of the Mississippi and 
Iowa rivers, where a desperate conflict ensued, in which the 
savages were totally routed. Taylor soon captured Black 
Hawk and ended the war. 

Taylor was afterwards ordered to Fort Crawford, at Prairie 
du Chien, and remained there until 1836, when he was called 
to assist in the Seminole war in Florida, which commenced in 
1835. All eflforts failed to bring the savages to subjection 
until December, 1837, when Colonel Taylor, with 1100 men, 
left Fort Gardner in pursuit. December 25th, he was attacked 
by a large body of Indians with rifles in ambuscade. The bat- 
tle was fierce and bloody. The volunteers, at first, began to 
give way as their leaders fell, but the regulars pressed on. 
This battle of " Okee-cho-bee" continued an hour, when the 
Indians retired, but were hotly pursued. The savages exhibited 
the greatest bravery. Our loss was 14 oJEcersand 120 privates 
killed or wounded. 

This broke the power of the war. Many Indians surrendered 
to our men, and the scene of bloodshed gradually terminated. 
Taylor soon received the rank of Brevet-Brigadier-General, and 
in April, 1838, was appointed to the command of our troops 
in Florida. He remained two years longer, and then, at his 
request, was recalled. 

Afterwards he was appointed to the command of the First 
Department of the U. S. Army in the South-west. His head- 
quarters were at Fort Jesup until 1841, when he was ordered 
to Fort Gibson. He remained there about five years, when, in 
1845, he was ordered to Texas, in anticipation of her annexa- 
tion to the United Statee. 

The remainder of General Taylor's triumphant career iii de- 
scribed in the following pages. He has proved himself to be 
one of the bravest and most skilful generals of modern times. 



BATTLES OF MEXICO, 



Various circumstances contributed to produce this war. 
In the first place the government of the U. S. had cer- 
tain claims against Mexico, acknowledged by the latter, 
but not cancelled. N^xt, the people of Texas, having 
formed themselves into an independent government main- 
tained that independence eight years, were desirous of 
being annexed to the United States. In order to accom- 
plish this object, as Mexico was opposed to it, it was 
agreed between our government and that of Texas, that 
the former should send upon the borders of Texas, an 
armed force sufficient to put down any opposition from 
Mexico. Accordingly Zachary Taylor, Col. of the 6th 
Regiment of Infantry, was appointed to take command of 
these forces. He repaired to Fort Jessup, Louisana, and 
found that post garrisoned by seven companies of the 
2d regiment of Dragoons, under the command of Col. D. E. 
Twiggs. May 10th, 1844, eight companies of the 3d Regi- 
ment of Infantry, stationed at Jefferson Barracks, Missouri-, 
repaired to the same place, commanded by Lieutenant 
Col. E. A. Hitchcock. Their encampment was called 
Camp Wilkins. Eight companies of the 4th Regiment' 
from Tefferson Barracks, went. May 13, to Grand Ecore 
on the Red River, under the command of Colonel Vose. 
Z. Taylor, with the title of Brevet Brigadier General, 

2 



18 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 

arrived at Fort Jessup about the middle of June. April, 
1845 two companies arrived from Fort Leavenworth, 
making 25 companies in all of what w^as called the " army 
of observation." It having been voted by Congress 
(Feb. 1845), to annex Texas to the United States, and 
as the people of that State in convention, w^ould meet, and 
probably accept the proposition of annexation in July, it 
was thought best for the army of observation to be pre- 
pared to move to the western frontier of Texas if neces- 
sary. Accordingly it proceeded to New Orleans in 
July 1845, ready to embark to any requisite point. 

While at that city Col. J. H. Vose of the 4th Infantry 
died in a fit, which cast a gloom .over his associates in 
arms. July 23d a part of the force set sail for Corpus 
Christi, (generally called Kinney's Ranch,'' situated on 
the western shore of Corpus Christi Bay) and arrived 
July 31. Many interesting incidents and some spirited 
battles have occurred at this military post, between the 
Mexicans and Texans, in which Santa Anna acted a 
prominent part ; but we must not tarry to describe them 
here. The army now was no longer called " army 
of observation ;" but the " army of occupation." In 
August the aspect of affairs began to be menacing, 
and it was expected that Mexico would soon declare, 
■war. General Arista, was at Monterey with a considera- 
ble Mexican force, and there was another at Matamoras. 
In the mean time new companies from the United States 
occasionally arrived. 

Sept. 12th, the steamer Dayton, having on board seve- 
ral officers and soldiers, burst her boilers, on her way to.St. 
Joseph's Island, and eight lost their lives in a most distres- 
sing manner. In September General Worth with six com- 
panies, and Major Ringgold with his company of horse 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 19 

and others, arrived at the camp. By the middle of Octo- 
ber 1845 the army of occupation consisted of 251 offi- 
cers 3671 privates, total 3922. These were on the coast, 
and there were about 150 in the interior. 

Texas claimed the land to the River Rio Grande, and 
General Taylor was ordered, in Feb. 1846, to move the 
army to some point on that river. In March it accordingly 
started, having been at Corpus Christi seven months ano: 
eleven days. March 16th Col. Twiggs met the advancec 
guard of the enemy and was ordered to advance no fur 
ther. He returned to the army and reported. " Nothing 
however, was seen of the enemy again until our forcet 
reached the banks of the Colorado, the passage of which 
was strongly disputed. The Mexican forces were drawn 
up on the opposite bank, and declared that they would 
fire upon our forces if they attempted to cross. General 
Taylor told them, that as soon as the bank was cut down 
for the train to pass, the first Mexican that he saw after 
our men entered the river would be shot. At this they 
fled. The Adjutant general. Gen. Mejia, the command- 
ing officer at Matamoras, handed a paper to General Tay- 
lor informing him, that if he crossed they would have 
a fight; but no .opposition appeared. The order of 
march as our army drew nearer Point Isabel was in four 
columns, the Dragoons on the right and the 3d Brigade 
on the left. Before arriving, however, it was ascertained 
that the place was deserted by the enemy and that all the 
buildings but one were burned. Our army were then 
ordered to direct their march towards Matamoras and 
General Worth encamped 12 miles from that place. 
General Taylor proceeded to point Isabel and the stea- 
mers and provisions arrived at the same time. "While 
a deputation of fifty armed citizens of Matamoras, protesting 



20 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 

there against our occupying the country. The general told 
them that he would answer them at Mataraoras. Defences 
were ordered to be constructed at the Point and Major Mon- 
roe appointed Commander of the port. March 25th,General 
Worth proceeded three miles farther, to Palo Alto and wait- 
ed for General Taylor. March 28th, the army moved to- 
wards Matamoras, which is on the Rio Grande, arriving op 
posite the city about 11 A. M. Two of our advanced 
guard were taken prisoners by the Mexicans, and the horse 
of a boy who was a bugler ; which excited our men con- 
siderably. ' About two hundred Mexicans were to be seen 
and their colours flying in various places. General Worth 
was ordered to answer the deputation which visited Gen. 
Taylor at Point Isabel. The Mexicans for some time 
would not send a boat across the river : but at last one came 
with an officer. General Worth sent him back saying that 
he wished to see the commanding officer. Gen. Mejia 
said that he would neither receive General Worth or Gen- 
eral Taylor's communication. Mejia sent General La Vega 
and Worth crossed the river and the interview took place 
on the Mexican side. La Vega said that the Mexicans 
considered us as invaders. Nothing of importance was ac- 
complished by the interview. A flag was soon raised by 
our army on the banks of the Rio Grande. It was thought 
that the Mexican force, at this post was fifteen hundred. 
March 26th it was feared that our forces would be attack- 
ed at night and they were ordered to' sleep upon their 
arms. Capt. May with a squadron of the 2nd Dragoons 
marched to Point Isabel (27 miles) in four hours to reinforce 
the garrison. On the first of April Gen. Taylor demanded 
the release of the captured Dragoons and they were return- 
ed with their equipments. It is surprising that several of 
our men deserted and went over to the enemy. Some oi 



BATTLES OF MEXICO 21 

them were shot, who attempted to swim the river. News 
arrived, April 9th that Mr. Slidell, United States minister 
to Mexico having given up all hope of opening negotia 
tions had left the city and returned to the U, S. 



BATTLE OF MATAMORAS. 

General Ampudia, who had superseded Arista, arrived 
from the South the 11th of April and ordered General 
Taylor to leave in 24 hours or he should consider us as 
having declared war against Mexico. Taylor answered 
that he did not wish for 24 hoursbut would return an an- 
swer at 10 o'clock the next day. He told Ampudia that 
he was sent there by his government in a peaceful atti- 
tude and he intended to remain, and warned Ampudia 
against firing the first gun. Lieutenant Porter, while out 
in pursuit of Col. Cross, who was supposed to be killed 
was attacked by some Mexicans and slain. Col. Cross 
was afterwards found murdered. April 26th an ambush 
was laid for a company of our men and 2 sergeants and 
8 privates were killed in an engagement with the enemy. 

There was every appearance of a general and speedy at- 
tack. General Taylor sent a requisition on the governors 
of Louisiana and Texas for 5000 men. April 25th Gen- 
eral Arista arrived at the scene of action. April 28th 
Capt. Walker's camp was attacked by Generals Torrejon 
and Canales, being stationed midway between Point Isa- 
bel and Matamoras. 5 of his men were killed and 4 miss- 
ing, he having gone out with some of his force on a scout. 
April 29th it was thought that the Point was attacked as 
cannon was heard in that direction, and a portion of the 



i3S BATTLES OF MEXICO. 

army marched immediately in that direction. The report 
was false as there had been no attack. 

May 3rd the batteries from Matamoras opened upon our 
camp at day-break with great energy. The battle was 
fierce for a while and in 30 minutes all the heavy gun 
batteries of the enemy were silenced by our artillery. 
The enemy threw many shells; but without effect . 



# 
BATTLE OF PALO ALTO. 

Most of our forces were at Point Isabel and in that vi- 
cinity though some were opposite Matamoras . General 
Taylor, May 7th directed the army to march in the direc- 
tion of Matamoras . It started at 3, P. M . having a val- 
uable train of provisions and munitions of war. Six 
twelve-pounders were in the wagons and a battery of 
two eighteen pounders was drawn by oxen. The forces 
were under the command of Lieut. Churchill. On the 
morning of the 8th the enemy were observed less than 
a mile distant, occupying a front of about a mile and a 
half. The general formed his men in column of attack 
and permitted them to go half at a time and get w^ater 
to fill their canteens, as they had marched twelve 
miles that day and suffered from heat and thirst. Our 
army moved on with firmness to meet the enemy, and 
when within 700 yards the enemy opened their fire from 
a battery on the right. The right wing of our army 



BATTLES OF MEXtCG. 23 

was composed of the fifth Infantry on the right, Ring- 
gold's Artillery, the 3rd Infantry, Churchill's eighteen 
pound battery and 4th Infantry and commanded by Col. 
Twiggs. The, left wing composed of Duncan's Artil- 
lery and the 8th Infantry was commanded Brevet Lieuten- 
ant-Colonel Belknap. Ringgold's and Duncan's batteries 
advanced and commenced firing. The enemy fired con- 
tinually but not with much precision. Their cavalry 
move on the left and then three batteries placed in a line 
at a considerable distance from each other and bodies of 
infantry between, making a long line of battle. Ring- 
golds battery made dreadful havoc, cutting down almost 
whole platoons at once. The two eighteen pounders 
roared tremendously and the cavalry of the enemy soon 
begjan to retire, at first in a trot and then in a gallop. 
A movement of the enemy's flank, composed of Cavalry 
one thousand strong, endangered our train and was 
promptly met by a section of Ringgold's battery under 
Lieut. Ridgeway and the fifth and third Infantry. They 
were received by 5th in a square and twenty of them' 
were killed from the fire of an angle. When the enemy 
saw the 3rd Infantry advancing in column by division, 
they fled with rapidity. On the left Duncan cut them 
down in great numbers and the shout of our men could be 
heard above the cannon's roar. Our left ^^ing, particularly 
the 8th Infantry, suffered from the fire of the enemy, being 
in a column instead of being deployed in a line. In the 
midst of the battle the prairie took fire and enveloped the 
armies in smoke. The firing commenced at 3 P. M. 
and ceased for a time at 4 P. M. Then Ringgold's bat- 
tery and the eighteen pounders were pushed round to the 
left flank of the enemy and the 4th Infantry and 1st Brig- 
ade moved up to their aid. the firing soon commenced 



24 ' BATTLES OF MEXICO. 

again aud the enemy were obliged tc change their line ot 
"battle. At this moment Duncan poired a tremendous 
iire into their right flank and threw it into the greatest 
confusion. As night approached the firing gradually cea- 
sed on both sides. The enemy had been driven from his 
position and forced to retire, and our army were left vic- 
tors upon the battle ground. We had only nine killed, 
forty-four wounded and two missing. Major Ringgold, 
Captain Page, Lieutenants Luther, 2nd Artillery and 
Wallen, 4th Infantry were wounded. Major Ringgold 
received a shot while sitting on his horse, which carried 
away the flesh on his legs from his knees up and passed 
through the withers of his horse. The lower jaw of Capt. 
Page was shot off. Lieut. Wallen received a slight 
■wound in the arm and Lieut. Luther in the calf of the leg. 
The Assistant Adjutant General, Capt. Bliss and fiieut. 
Daniels had their horses shot under them. Our wounded 
suffered much during the night. General Arista com- 
manded the enemy having 6000 men and our force consist- 
ed of 221 L Thus ended the famous battle of Palo Alto. 
May 9th the enemy, at day break, moved along the bor- 
ders of the chaparral and it was supposed that they intend- 
to occupy the road and prevent our farther progress. It 
was decided that we should attack them, and after the train 
was suitably guarded, our army moved forward soon after 
sunrise. It was found that the enemy were rapidly retreat- 
ing. In going over the battle field the scene was awful. 
There were at least five hundred of the enemy killed and 
wounded. It would seem that enough had already been 
done to settle the difficulty between the two nations but a 
nation's pride is not easily satisfied. This was but the 
commencement of bloody scenes. Gen. Taylor ordered 
our men to take care of the wounded among the enemy 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 25 

wherever found, as carefully as our own wounded. At 
1 P.M. our army moved on. 



BATTLE OF RESACA DE LA PALMA. 

Capt. G. A. McCall was sent forward with one hun- 
dred picked men to reconoitre. He found that the enemy 
had selected a favorable postion and were waiting for our 
advance. McCall had a slight brush with them and re- 
turned. Our forces were deployed to the right and left of 
the road as skirmishers. Capt. Mc Call's command were 
ordered to advance and draw the fire of the enemy. The 
latter were on the opposite bank of a ravine concave to- 
wards us and their batteries were so arrange^ as to sweep 
the road and every approach through the chaparral. Mc 
Call received the fire of the enemy and Lieut. Ridgely, 
successor to Ringgold, was ordered forward with his bat- 
tery. The battle commenced with fury. Frequently 
were bayonets crossed, they were in such close proximity, 
The enemy gave way slowly, but fought like tigers, for 
every inch of ground. The chaparral was so thick that 
our regiments were mixed ; but fought not the less bravely. 
Ridgely at one time, had a body of lancers come done 
upon him, with tremendous force, when he had but one 
piece unlimbered. Sergeant Kearnes put a load of can- 
nister on the top of a shell and fired which scattered all 
but four. Then Ridgely charged them in person and 
drove them back, exhibiting the greatest bravery. 

Capt. May rode back and asked the general if he should 
charge the ehemy on the opposite side of the 'ravine. 



26 BATTLES OF MEXICO 

The answer was " Charge-, Captain, nolens, volens !'' 
As May dashed on by Ridgely, the latter cried" hold 
on Charley till I draw their fire !" Down the ravine 
they went. Lieut. Inge soon fell and many others ; 
but the rest drove furiously on, cros&ed the ravine 
and captured the battery. Capt. Graham's company 
\vas with May's in this charge. General La Vega 
stood by his battery to the last and was taken pris- 
oner by Capt. May. The 3rd were deployed on the 
right of the road ; but met no enemy and not being able to 
get through the thick, dense chaparral, were obliged to 
return to get into the action and arrived after the enemy 
w^ere completely routed. Duncan then took the advance 
with his battery, the Dragoons, 3rd Infantry and Smith's 
command being ordered to support the artillery. We 
dashed on after the enemy who were in full retreat, pour- 
ing upon them a very destructive fire. Our men soon 
came up with the enemy's camp and found it deserted 
and captured by the brave Barbour, who with his company 
of the third Infantry had resisted a formidable charge of 
cavalry. Mules, packs, provisions, and other trophies 
were left by the enemy. Our men pursued the enemy, 
shouting as they went, to the river. Many of the enemy 
were drowned endeavoring to swim across, and were scat- 
tered in every direction. The rout was general and com- 
plete, though our force consisted of 1700 men, the others 
being required to guard the train. 2000 of the best of 
Mexico's troops came over to join in this battle of the 9th, 
called ^'•Resaca de la Palma.-'' Our loss was three officers 
and thirty-six men killed, twelve officers and fifty-nine 
men wounded. The officers killed were Lieut. Z. Inge, 
2nd Dragoons ; Lieut. R. E. Cochrane, 4th Infantry ; and 
Lieut. 'T. L. Chadbourne, 8th Infantry. The wounded 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 27 

officers were Colonel M. M. Payne, 4th Artillery, acting 
Inspector-General ; Col. J. S. Mc'Intosh, 5th Infantry : 
Capt. A. Hooe, 5th Infantry ; Lieut. S. H. Fowler, 5th 
Infantry ; Capt. W. R. Montgomery, Lieut. J. Selden, 
R. P. Maclay, C. F. Morris, C. R. Gates, J. G. Burbank 
and C. D. Jordan, 8th Infantry ; -and Lieut. S. D. Dob- 
\)ins, 3rd Infantry. We captured eight pieces of artillery, 
2000 stand of arms, 200 mules, one hundred and fifty 
thousand rounds of musket cartridges, and all the baggage 
and camp equipage of the army. Arista's private papers 
and baggage fell into our hands. One General, one Colo- 
nel, one Lieut, Colonel, four Captains and five Lieuten- 
ants, were taken prisoners. Three Captains and four 
Lieutenants of the enemy were buried on the field, and 
forty-eight officers besides w^ere acknowledged by the 
Mexicans to be missing. The killed, wounded, and rais- 
ing of the enemy could not have been less than 2000. 

Gen Taylor was sitting upon his horse in the hottest of 
the battle, and the balls were rattling all around him. 
An officer remarked to him that he was exposing himself 
too much, and proposed that he should retire. The Gen- 
eral said, " Let us ride a little nearer, the balls will fall 
behind us.^^ 

During the bombardment of Fort Brown (opposite Mat- 
amoras). Major Brown the commanding officer was wound- 
ed by a shell May 6th and died on thd 9th much lamented. 
The enemy fired 2700 shells at this fort killing one officer, 
one sergeant, and wounding thirteen privates. They were 
repeatedly ordered by the enemy to surrender; but would 
not. Major Ringgold died at Point Isabel May 11th 
and was buried with funeral honors on the 12th. May 
17th our army were ordered to cross the Rio Grande and 
take possession of Matamoras. General Arista s^nt over 



28 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 

and wished for an ajmistice until he could hear from tb 
Capital, but Old Rough and Ready said, " No !" Taylo. 
was asked if he intended to take the city, "Yes," was the 
reply, "if he had to batter it down. Tel! General Arista, 
said he, " that the city must capitulate, all public proper- 
ty, amunition, provisions &c. must be given up, and then 
the army may march out and- retire. Arista was orderetl 
to give an answer by 3 P. M. In the mean time our 
army marched three miles up the river, where there was a 
suitable place for crossing. No deputation came from 
Arista and we crossed May 18th. By a sad accident 
Lieut. Stephens was drow^ned. It was found that the Mex- 
ican army precipitately left the city and the authorities 
invited General Taylor to take possession. The battle- 
field of Resaca de la Palma presented a sad spectacle — • 
such vast numbers of the slain and now the hospitals 
were filled with the wounded ! Near one poor wounded 
man, sat a beautiful girl of seventeen keeping off the flies. 
She was his wife. There the mother and her children were 
seated by the wounded father. Colonel Twiggs was ap- 
pointed to the chief command of the city. 

Colonel Garland was sent out with two companies on 
the 19th to follow the enemy. After he had gone 27 miles 
he came up with them, had a skirmish, and returned the 
22d. Two of his men were wounded. He killed two, 
wounded two of the enemy and captured twenty men with 
their baggage. Barita, a small town near by, was taken 
May 17, by Colonel Wilson. When the Congress of the 
U. S. heard of the capture of Capt. Thornton and his com- 
mand, that body made declaration of war May 13th, and 
voted to raise fifty thousand volunteers and to appropriate 
ten inilions of dollars for the expense of the war. War 
was declared by Mexico, April 23rd. Our Congress ap- 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 29 

pointed General Taylor Brevet Major General, after the 
battles of Palo Alto and Resca de la Palma. 

Numerous reinforcements soon came in and the army 
moved forward. Monterey, Reynosa, Camargo, Mier and 
other towns were soon taken without resistance. When 
our army left Matamoras, Lieutenant Colonel Clark was 
appoined to the command of the city. Poor Page after 
suffering intensely, died July 12th. 

The U. S. army proceeded up the Rio Grande as far as 
Mier and then left that noble river and turned to the south 
towards Monterey. 

Sept. 14th, Capt. McCullough, with thirty-five men, had 
a brush with two hundred Mexicans, near Ramos. Two 
of the enemy were wounded, and the Capt. lost one horse. 
Reports seemed to be confirmed that the enemy were pre, 
paring for a hard battle at Monterey. It was expected that 
we should have a fight at Marin, where the enemy under 
General Torrejon Avere seen, just before our army entered 
the town. When we arrived the enemy had left. At this 
place the mountains at the foot of which Monterey stands, 
were distinctly visible, about twenty-five miles distant. 

Sept. 17th General Taylor was addressed by the Spanish 
Consul at Monterey inquiring whether the property of for- 
eigners would be respected. Taylor replied that he could 
not be responsible for anything if the city was taken by 
assault, 

Sept. 19th at 9 P. M, the advance of our forces arrived 
within three miles of Monterey. Some heavy cannon wer? 
heard and our men pushed forward : but before they came 
within reach of the guns General Taylor ordered them t( 
halt. It seems that some lancers came out of the city 
and endeavored to draw our men within reach of the shot 
When our advance halted the enemy opened upon us it 



30 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 

earnest. The ihird shot went directly over General Taylor's 
staff, corning very near him. Our troops encamped three 
miles from the city. The city seemed to be well fortified 
and it was feared that our small guns would not be effectual 
agamst the large ones of the enemy. It was concluded 
that our men must take the big guns of the enemy and 
turn them against themselves. The town was thoroughly 
reconnoitered on all sides and our men were frequently 
fired upon. General Taylor decided to send Genera. 
Worth to take possession of the road to Saltillo, and storm 
the heights at the west part of the city. This division, in- 
cluding Colonel JIay's regiment, and Captains McCuI- 
lough's and Gillepie's rangers, moved off according to order. 



BATTLE OF MONTEREY. 



Sept. 20th, (1846)* about noon. The works commanding 
the approaches to the city, are the Bishop's Palace and a 
fort on a height commanding it on the west : the citadel 
^n the north and several detached redoubts on the east. 
The streets were barricaded. In the afternoon a battery 
was commenced for the mortar, and during the ni^ht the 
mortar and two twenty-four pound howitzers were estab- 
lished. An express from General Worth arrived the same 



TATTLES OF MEXICO. 31 

night, stating that he had arrived at his position, and would 
storm two heights southwest of the castle before storming 
the heights directly west of it. 

Sept. 21st at 7 A. M., the first and volunteer divisions 
were ordered to advance towards the city. Our mortar and 
howitzer batteries opened ; but did not have much effect. 
Taylor directed the first division to move to the east of the 
city to support Major Mansfield in reconnoitering the ene- 
mies' works. The division was under the command oi 
Colonel Garland, 4th Infantry, and went into action with 
the 3rd Infantry under Major Lear, 4th Brigade under Col- 
onel Wilson consisting of the 1st Infantry under Major 
Abercrombie and the Baltimore division under Colonel Wat- 
son, and Bragg's and Ridgeley's batteries. Major Mansfield 
was the first t(^ commence the action. Company C, 3rd 
Infantry, under Lieutenant Hazlitt, was reinforced by com- 
pany H., 3d Infantry, under Capt. Field. The division 
was formed in line of battle out of reach of the guns of 
the enemy, and was then ordered to advance by Lieuten 
ant Pope and Colonel Kinney, and go into the city an<v 
storm battery No. 1, at the eastern end. The battery openeo 
upon the division and the first shot struck in front of our 
line and ricoched over us. We were fired upon from the 
citadel. Our men in the midst of these shots, pushed rap- 
idly onward five hundred yards and rushed into the streets. 
Not turning soon enough to the left an unperceived batter) 
opened upon us a deadly fire and balls flew from housetops, 
yards, and from every direction upon us. Many of out 
men were cut down. Major Barbour was the first officer 
who fell. An escopet ball passed through his heart. Our 
men retired into another street, under cover of some wails • 
and houses. Lieutenant Bragg's battery now arrived and 
came into the street but could not efl^ect much. Finally we 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 33 

were directed to retire in order and make an attack from 
some other point. Capt. Backus of the Ist Infantry, succeeded, 
with fifty men, in stationing himself in a tan yard about a 
hundred and thirty yards in the rear of the battery No. 1, 
and nearer the town. There was a shed with a wall which 
served as a breast work for our men. Twenty yards 
southwest of the battery was a distillery with thick walls, 
on the top of which were sand bag embrasures. Capt. 
Backus drove the enemy from this. Two companies of 
the 4th Infantry (90 strong) moved forward under a ter- 
rible fire, and determined to storm a work defended by five 
hundred men. 

Now the Mississippi and Tennessee regiments, under 
General Quitman, advanced and finally took possession of 
the battery, after great loss- This was severe fighting. 
Major Lear was severely wounded, Lieut. D. S. Irwin killed, 
Capt. G. P. Field killed by lancers, Lieutenants Hoskins 
and Woods were killed and Lieutenant Graham mortally 
wounded. Major Abercrombie and Capt. La Motte were 
slightly woanded. Lieut. Dillworth lost a leg and Lieut. 
Ferret was taken prisoner. 

The division was ordered to the captured battery to sup- 
port Ridgely's battery, about to advance into the city. Our 
men had the mortar and three twenty-four-pound howit- 
zers playing upon the city and one of them having been 
taken to the captured work was firing upon Fort DiaMo. A 
body of men, from the 3rd and 4th Infantry, of one hundred 
and fifty, were now ordered to enter the city and take pos- 
session of a work of the enemy, apparently a few streets 
distant. They were exposed to a most destructive fire; but 
moved on, taking advantage of every shelter in their way. 
Capt. L. N. Morris, 3rd Infantry was commander. Our 
men crossed one street and were fully exposed to the guns 

3 



84 



BATTI>ES OF MEXICO. 



mounted in barette of a "tete depont," comnianding the 
passage of El Puente Parissima. We passed through sev- 
eral gardens and streets and finally reached a slight shelter. 
There was a stream before us and the enemy in force with 
three pieces of artillery on the opposite bank, so that we 
could not go any farther. All the streets seemed to be 
blockaded and every house fortified. Capt. Morris received 
a mortal wound at the bridge and Capt. W. S. Henry took 
the command. Lieutenant Hazlitt soon fell. At last, our 
cartridges being nearly exhausted, we were commanded to 
retire, in order, to our captured works. At one time, after 
day-light, we were obliged to lay flat nearly an hour, the 
balls came so thick. Lieutenant Ridgely, with a section of 
his battery, advanced to the street leading to the '• tete de 
pont," but finding his fire entirely ineffectual, retired. Lieut. 
Bragg put to flight, with his batteryi, a show of a charge of 
lancers. Our men had not been able to take any dinner or 
supper and the night was cold and rainy. We had mounted 
on battery No. 1, one twelve pounder, one nine, two sixes* 
and one howitzer, in all, five pieces. 

While these scenes were transpiring under the eye of Gen- 
«ral Taylor, Gen. Worth was moving towards the Saltillo 
road. A large body of cavalry and Infantry opposed him. 
and charged upon our men. They were met by the bat- 
talion of light troops under Capt C. T. Smith and Capt. 
McCulloughs company of Rangers. The first squadron of 
the enemy were mixed in with our advance when the sec- 
ond came furiously rushing on. Lieut. Hays, of Duncan's 
battery, poured in among them round shot, which passed 
over the heads of our men, and the enemy were dispersed 
with a loss of about one hundred, and among them, one 
Colonel. Our men marched round nearly two miles to the 
west end of the town, under a heavy fire from " Indepen- 



BATTLES OF MEXICO 3-^ 

dence Hill," situated west of the palace and from "Federa- 
cion Hill," between which heights, the Saltillo road runs. 
Now General Worth determined to storm Federacion Hill, 
and Capt. C. F. Smith, 2d Artillery with three hundred 
men, half regulars and the rest Texans, under Major Che- 
valier, undertook the dancrerous enterprise. Capt. Miles 
with the 7th Infantry marched soon after to his support. 
As Capt. Miles' command advanced, it was not observed by 
the enemy until it had reached the small stream (Arroyo 
Topa) south of the city, along the base of the hill on which 
the battery is situated. As soon a* discovered, they were 
continually fired upon by the enemy, but without much 
effect. Om* men crossed the river and formed on a point of 
rock out of reach of the enemy. Detachments were 
then sent forward under Lieutenants Grant, Little, and 
Gardner to divert the enemy from Capt. Smiths' command. 
Colonel Smith of the 2d brigade, came up with the 5(h 
Infantry and ordered Capt. Miles with the 7th to assist him 
in an attack on Fort Soldado, a temporary breastwork a 
little south east of Federacion Hill. They moved on and 
fffiund that Capt. Smith had already got possession of it. The 
2d Brigade formed and advanced amid a shower of balls, 
and when within a hundred yards, made a charge at double 
quick step. The enemy fled in all directions. The left 
wing of the 7th entered the redoubt with that of the 5th. 
Many of the Louisiana volunteers under Capt. Blanchard, 
and the Texan Rangers were up with the advance, all fear- 
lessly striving to be the first to meet the enemy. Colonel 
Smith appointed Capt. Smith to retain possession of the first 
height stormed, and Capt Miles with the 7th, the last. Capt, 
Scott with the 5th Infantry, was to move on the same 
ridge farther east. Tlie second Brigade held their position 
during the afternoon and night of the 21st. The 7th In 



36 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 



fantry were exposed to the fire from the Bishop's Palace 
several hours • but Lieut. Dana of the 7th infantry, with 
his captured gun, returned the fire with some effect. 

Those who occupied battery No. 1, at the eastern ex- 
tremity of the city, at day-break, (Sept. 22d,) were obHged 
to he flat in the mud to shield themselves from the sharp 
firing from Fort Diablo. Shells, fired from the citadel, 
fell all around our men, though none burst in the work. Lieut. 
Scarrett was laboring to put the battery and distillery in 
a better state of defenc^ Capt. Bainbridge had command 
of the 3rd Infantry in the morning. A portion of Colonel 
Davis's regiment, under General Quitman, relieved the 
1st, 3rd and 4th Infantry, and the Kentucky regiment. 
In returning to camp, our men received a destructive fire 
from the batteries of the enemy, crosswise. One poor fel- 
low, a corporal in the 4th Infantry, was cut in two. Gen. 
Worth's attack upon the height, commanding the. Bishop's 
JPalace, at day-break, (Sept. 22d.) was fierce and successful. 
The force consisted of artillery and infantry under Colonel 
Childs and some Texans under Colonel Hays. The party 
moved up the hill and at the same time Capt. Miles, with a 
small force, descended towards the palace and gave three 
cheers to divert the enemy. In return they received a 
shower of grape. The enemy, at the castle, being checked 
so that they could not aid their flying forces, the height 
was carried with little loss. Capt. Gillespie first entered 
the breastwork and fell mortally wounded. General Worth 
soon sent the 5th Infantry, Capt. Smith's command and 
Capt. Blanchard's Louisiana volunteers, to reinforce Colo- 
nel Childs. Lieut. Roland soon placed a howitzer in po- 
sition and blazed away at the castle with much effect. A 
light corps of artillery, under Capt. Vinton, Blanchard's 
company and some Texans were on the lefl of the hill, 



\ 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. ' 37 

and fired continually. » The fire was brisJdy returned by 
the enemy. 

About noon, the Mexican cavalry deployed before the 
palace and endeavored to charge upon our skirmishers. 
Our men pursued them, under Vinton, with terrible effect. 
Many of the enemy were kept from entering the castle 
again, as our men rushed in through every opening, and 
drove the enemy before them. Lieutenant Ayers was the 
first to enter, pull down the Mexican flag, and raise the star 
spangled banner. 

After the castle was taken, General Worth moved down 
his forces from the hill and the amunition train the 
ranch of the Saltillo road and remained in the castle dur- 
ing the night of Sept. 22nd. He, however, ordered the 
5th Infantry and Blanchard's company to return to the 
redoubt on the hill where were stationed the 7th Infantry. 
, Sept. 23d, at 7 o'clock in the morning General Worth 
opejied upon the town, from the castle, with the enemy's 
own giT^s, as he intended to do when he first approached 
the city. A report was raised that the enemy were endeav- 
oring to escapv*^ and the whole command were out imme- 
diately marching towards them. 

It was now expeC ted every moment, that the city would 
capitulate ; but they hv<?ld out and fought like tigers. At 
the east end of the city the firing commenced briskly, the 
same morning at day-break. The Texan cavalry under 
Colonel Woods, had dismountecJj and with the Mississip- 
pians, under Colonel Davis, were engaged with the enemy. 
The Mississippians very early took possession of Fort 
Diablo, without any opposition, as tJie eflfemy had aban- 
doned it the preceding evening. This was the place 
•from which, on the 21st and 22d, our men had received 
such a destructive fire. This force under G^^neral Quit 



38 BATTLK8 OF MEXICO. 

man, drove the enemy before them from house to house, 
shooting them wherever they saw one of their heads pro- 
jecting. 

Bragg's battery was now ordered into the city and the 
3rd Infantry ordered to support it. They moved forward, 
and when they came within range of the enemy's guns 
of the citadel, they crossed the field of fire at full gallop 
and were unharmed. The 3d w^ent under cover, in a cir- 
cuitous route. On their arrival in the city they found it 
cleared of the enemy on a line with the cathedral, and 
within two squares of it. This edifice was in the main 
plaza, where the enemy had been concentrated. IVJuch 
bravery was manifested by General's Quitman, Hender- 
son, Lamar, and Colonels Wood and Davis. Several 
were wounded and a few killed. Bragg's battery wes 
in actimi M^ith them during the remainder of the day. 
The fighting was not so severe as it was on the 21st, ex-, 
cept in the street running directly from the cathedraL It 
could not be crossed without passing through a shower of 
bullets. One of Bragg's pieces liad little effect in 'this street 
as the weight of metal was too light. Bragg's first ser- 
geant by the name of Weightman, -;vas shot while 
pointing the gun. Our men could only cross, without ~ 
great danger of being shot, excepting when our piece 
was pointed at the enemy. Then the Mexicans would fall 
behind their barricade and our men would cross in squads. 
As soon as our piece v/as fired the balls of the enemy 
came down the street like a shower af hickory nuts. 

General Taylor was in town entirely regardless of his 
person in the midst of danger. This was very iinprudent 
and wrong. He even crossed the street where so many 
balls were continually passing, and crossed in a walk.. 
A commanding officer ought to look out for himself and 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 39 

army better than that. Taylor was brave to the back 
bone, but imprudent. Capt Henry reminded him that he 
ought to retire to a safer position; but he said "Take 
THAT AXE AND KNOCK IN THAT DOOR." Our men commeuced 
on the door and the occupant unlocked and opened it, ao/dt 
behold it was an extensive apothecary shop. The dfjctor 
(San Juan) treated his visitors to ripe limes and cool water. 
He said that Anipudia was in the Plaza with four thousand 
men, and that two thougand were in the citadol. One door 
was burst open and we saw five genteel looking women who 
were on their knees with crucifixes pleading for mercy. 
They were very grateful when they found that their throats 
were not to be cut. General Taylor expected that Gene- 
ral Wohh would commence throwing shells into the city, 
in the afternoon, and perceiving that the field pieces were 
of little use, ordered these forces to retire to camp. During 
the day (23rd) the onemy sent in a flag of truce, requesting 
a cessation of hostihties, that the women and children 
might be renioved. Old Rough and Ready said, " No; it 
was too late.'' It was reported that some of the enemy 
were leaving on pack mules, and undoubtedly many others 
would have left, had not General Worth taken possession ofj 
the SaltilloRoad. General Worth on the west side of the 
city, ordered a heavy gun under Capt. Chapman's company 
to open on the city. This firing drove the enemy from 
their lines bordering on the river.. About 10 A. M. the 7th 
Infantry left the redoubt and joined Gen. Worth, at the 
palace, for the purpose of entering the city. The enemy 
did not make so great a resistance at the west part of the 
town as at the east where they were in a larger body, and 
our men did not suffer so much in the former as in the latter 
position. There was some loss, however. Capt. M. Kavett, 
of the 8th Infantry, while marching around the base of the 



40 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 

liillj on the morning of the 21st, was killed. Lieut. Potter 7th 
Infantry, while storming the redoubt, was wounded. Lieut. 
Rossell was wounded in the attack upon the palace. Major 
frown's company of artillery, Capt. Blanchard's company and 
soa^e Texan Rangers, with a piece from McKall's battery, 
wereojdered to march under Brown and take possession of a 
mill on the road to Saltillo, in order to cut off retreat. The 
city had beeo reconnoitered by Lieutenant, Meade and Capt. 
McCullough. They found that the city had been cleared 
of the enemy as far as the Plaza in which was the ceme- 
tery. Capt. Miles, with three companies w as ordered to 
take possession of the street nearest the river. Col- 
onel Stanniford was to take posession of the next street 
north. Both parties, the first under the direction of Capt. 
Holmes, and the second, under Capt. Scriven, moved on 
and took possession of the cemetery, without a shot from 
the enemy. ^lOop holes had been made in the walls and 
they had been prepared for defence. A piece of artillery fol- 
lowed each of these commands. Then came Colonel Childs 
with the Artillery Battalion and Capt. Miles with the remain- 
der of the 7th and a company of the 8th Infantry. The last 
was designed to protect the amunition train sent round byGen. 
Taylor. Major Monroe and Lieut. Lovell soon placed the 
mortar in position. Captains Holmes and Scriven, with 
their forces marched through the same streets to a square 
in advance of the cemetery and soon commenced with the 
enemy. Colonel Childs followed the street upon which was 
situated a large Plaza. Capt. Gatlin of the 7th 

was now wounded. Our troops were soon under cover of 
walls and were reinforced by two companies of the 5th 
under Capt Merrill, and finally by three more under Major 
Scott. The column in the next street under Colonel Smith 
were How shortly engaged with the enemy. Capt. Holmes 



BATTLES OF MEXICO 4J 

was aided by Texans under Walker, and found his way 
through gardens and houses until he came very near the 
enemy in Cathedral Plaza. Lieut. Colonel Duncan was 
sweeping the street with his battery. Major Brown was 
ordered to join the Texans in the Plaza and aid Col. Childs. 
They worked their way towards the enemy with pickaxes, 
and soon came up with them, and cracked away. Night 
came on and our men kept possession of the houses taken, 
excepting Capt. Holmes who thought best to go back a little 
as he was far in advance and had many wounded. Our 
troops in the Plaza took possession of the houses on both 
sides and rested till morning. Lieutenant Lovell threw shells 
into the city during the night with great effect, and the 
enemy returned the compliment from their howitzers. 
Lieutenant Gardner of the 7th, manifested much bravery 
in leading the advance with ladders and pickaxes. At 
one time nearly all of his men were killed or wounded. 

After reveille, on the morning of Sept. 24th, General 
Ampudia sent Colonel Murine into our camp with a flag of 
truce, and an offer to surrender the city, if General Taylor 
would allow him to march out with his troops and all the 
public property. Of course when the city was nearly in 
our hands, such an offer was declined- But General Tay- 
lor sent back his terms, saying that an answer would be 
received at General Worth's headquarters at 12 M. Mu* 
rino said that he had been, informed that commissioners 
had been appointed to negotiate for peace and that no rein- 
forcements would be sent them, and that it would cost us 
two thirds of our command to take the city, if we could do 
it at all. The action was to commence again if terms were 
not agreed upon. 

The commissioners on our side were Generals Worth and 
Henderson and Colonel Davis. On the other side they 



42 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 

were, Manuel M. Llano, T. Requena, and Ortega. The 
following are the terms : 

Terms of the Capitulation of the City of Monterey, the 
Capital of Nucva Leon, agreed upon by t'le undersigned 
Commissimiers, to-roit: General Worth, of the United, 
States army ; General Henderson, of (he Texan Vol- 
unteeis ; and Colonel Davis of the Mississippi Rijlemcn, 
on the part of Major-general Taylor, commanding in chief 
of the United States forces ; and General Requena and 
General Ortega, of the antiy of Mexico, and Senor 
Manuel M. hlano, Governor of Nueva Leoji, on the part 
of Sen.or General Don Pedro Ampudia, commanding in 
chief of the army of North Mexico. 
Article 1. As the legitimate result of the operations 
before this place, and the present position of the contending 
armies, it is agreed that the city, the fortifications, cannon, 
the munitions of war, and all other public property, with 
the undermentioned exceptions, be surrendered to the com- 
manding general of the United States forces now at 
Monterey. 

•Article 2. That the Mexican forces be allowed the fol 
lowing arms, to-wit : The commissioned officers, their side 
arms ; the Infantry, their arms and accoutrements ; the 
cavalry, their artillery, one field battery, not to exceed six 
pieces, with twenty-one rounds of amunition. 

Article 3. That the Mexican armed forces retire within 
seven days from date, beyond the line formed by the pass 
of the Rinconada, the city of Linares, and San Fernado de 
Pusos. 

Article 4. That the citadel of Monterey be evacuated 
by the Mexican and occupied by the American forces to- 
morrow at 10 o'clock. 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. * 43 

Article 5. To avoid collisions, and for mutual conveni- 
ence, that the troops of the United States will not occupy 
the city until ihe Mexican forces have withdrawn, except 
for hospitt>A and storage purposes. 

Article 6. That the force of the United States will not 
advance beyond the line specified in the third article before 
the expiration of eight week, or until the orders of the res- 
pective governments can be received. 

Article 7. That the pubhc property to be delivered shali 
be turned over and received by the commanding generals 
of the two armies. 

Article 8. That all doubts as to the meaning of any of 
the preceding articles shall be solved by an equitable con- 
struction, and on the principles of liberality to the retiring 
army. 

Article. 9. That the Mexican flag, when struck at the 
citadel, may be saluted by its own battery. 
W. J. Worth, 

Brigadier General United States Army. 
J. PiNKNEY Henderson, 
' Major-Geaeral com'g Texan Volunteers. 

Jefferson Davis, 
Colonel Mississippi Riflemen. 
J. M. Ortega, 
T. Requena, 
Manuel M. Llano, 

. J ( Pedro Ampudia, 

Approved, I 2. Taylor, Maj. Gen. S. A. com'g. 

Dated at Monterey, September 24th, 1846. 

Owr troops were commanded during the imposing cere 
mony by Colonel P. F. Smith. When the Mexican flag 
was lowered, they fired a salute of eight guns. When 
our flag was raised twenty-eight guns were fired from the 



4f4i . BATTLES OF IWIEXICO. 

Bishop's Palace. Our troops marched into the city to the 
tune of Yankee Doodle. Thus ended onC of the severest 
battles ever fought on the continent. Thv'^ Mexicans, 
in all of the battles with us have fought more dej?perately, 
from the fact that our forces were so very few^ coii^pared 
with theirs. They were ashamed to be beaten by s^ch 
an inferior force. We have believed from the first that an 
army of fifty thousand men could have marched to the 
^^^apital of Mexico without shedding a drop of blood. 
JiCW awful the idea of ushering such multitudes of im. 
mortt.^ souls into the presence of their Maker, in such a 
manner'- General Ampudia had about ten thousand men 
in action, .seven thousand of whom were regulars. Our 
force consist ^d of four hundred and twenty-five officers 
and six thousJ^d two hundred and twenty men. We 
lost twelve ofiScei:* and one hundred and eight men killed ; 
twenty-six officers, c.'^nd three hundred and seven privates 
were wounded. The ?oss of the enemy was thought to 
have exceeded ours. Our men captured forty-two pieces 
of artillery and one eighteen-pounder. The munitions of 
war captured from the enemy vere immense. The fol- 
lowing is a list of the officers killod. 

Captain Williams Topographical .Engineers ; 1st Infan- 
try, Lieutenant J. C. Terrett, Lieutena^ut R. Dilworth ; 3d 
Infantry, Captains L. N. Morris, G. P. 1-^.ield, and Brevet 
Major P. N. Barbour, Lieutenants D. S. Irwin and R. 
Hazlitt; 4th Infantry, Lieutenant C. Hosk'ins, Brevet 
Lieutenant J. S. Wood, 2d infantry (serving with the 4th) j 
8th Infantry, Captain H. M'Kavett ; Baltimore Battalion, 
Colonel Watson ; 1st Ohio, Lieutenant Hett ;. 1st Tennes- 
see, Captain Allen, Lieutenant Putnam ; Captain Gillespie, 
Texan Rangers. Wounded : Major-general Butler, Majo2t 
Man8field ; 1st Infantry, Major J. S. Abercrombie, Captain 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 45 

J. H. Lamott e ; 3d Infantry, Major W. W. Lear, Captain 
H. Bainbridge ; 4th Infantry, Lieut. R. H. Graham ; 5th 
Infantry N. B. Rossell ; 7th Infantry, Capt. R. C. GatUn, 
Lieutenaut J. Potter ; 8th Infantry, Lieutenant G. Wain- 
wright ; 1st Ohio, Colonel Mitchell, Captain George, Lieu- 
tenants Armstrong, Niles, Morter, McCarty ; Ist Tennessee, 
Major Alexander, Lieutenants Allen, Scudder, and Nixon ; 
1st Mississippi, Lieutenant Colonel M'Clung, Captain 
Downing, Lieutenants Cook and Arthur. 

It is astonishing that the city could be taken at all by 
so few. The citadel is a regular bastion work with revet- 
ments of solid masonry, with thirty-four embrasures. 
Inside are the remnants of an unfinished cathedral, which is 
itself a work of defence. Two magazines were discovered, 
with ammunition enough to have fired at us for a month. In 
nearly every street were works of defence. Barricades over- 
lapped each other, and ditches were dug in front, and every 
house seemed to be a fortification. On the eastern part of 
the city there were barricades defending each other, and it is 
surprising that Worth's division who operated there, were 
not all cut to pieces. The Bishop's Palace has two or three 
heavy guns mounted, in Barbette, pointing towards the 
city. There were many fortifications around the- city, 
Making it a perfect Gibraltar. 

Sept. 26th, the enemy were seen in great numbers 
mounted on every thing that looked like a horse, from the 
mustang to the donkey, preparing to follow the army. 
Ampudia left on the 25th with two divisions. The troops 
of the enemy had left the city before the close of the first 
week in October. General Worth and his division occu- 
pied the city, and Capt. Miles was his executive ofllicer. The 
Governor of the city was allowed to go on as usual, except- 
ing that he was required to furnish suppUes for our army, for 



46 



BATTLES OK MKXICO. 



which we were to pay cash. Several deserters were ob- 
served in the ranks of the enemy, among which was Riley, 
who was appointed a captain in the artillery of the enemy. 
Immediately after the battle, the Texas troops were dis- 
charged. 

When Ampudia reached Saltillo, he issued a proclama- 
tion, declj^ring that he had repulsed us with a loss of fifteen 
hundred men, on the 21st, that, being scarce of amunition 
and provisions, a conference was held on the 24th and terms 
were agreed to, which saved their honor and they marched 
out with their arms. That Santa Anna was coming and 
then they would see who would be the conquerors. 

On the 16th of August, General Santa Anna arrived at 
Vera Cruz, and w^as allowed to land, as our government 
thought that he would use his best exertions to bring 
about a peace ; but the duplicity of the Mexican character 
must be learned by sad experience. His proclamation, on 
the day of his arrival, told his warlike intentions. He was 
immediately invested with the command of the army, 
while General Salas acted a.s President of the republic. He 
went to San Luis Potosi to raise an army. 

Oct. 12th, Lieutenant R. H. Graham, 4th Infantry, died 
of his wcunds received Sept. 21st. 

It was said that a woman named Dos Amades, com- 
manded a company of Mexican lancers, who fought deg- 
perafely and killed many of our men. 

Oct. 25th, Capt. Ridgely's horse fell with him in Monte- 
rey and so injured him that he died on the 27th, and was 
buried with military honors the next day. He was a fine 
officer and a graduate of West Point. 

The troops on the Rio Grande were under General Pat- 
terson, whose head quarters were at Caraarga The fol- 



bATTLES OF MEXICO. 4? 

lowing were the different regimentSj and the mode of their 
distribution : 

At Camargo, 2d Brigade, General Pillow commanding, 
composed of 2d Tennessee, Colonel Haskell ; Alabama, 
Colonel Coffee ; Ohio and. Kentucky Brigade, General Mar- 
shall commanding, composed of the 2d Kentucky, Colonel 
McKee, 2d Ohio, Col. Morgan ; lUinois, Brigade, General 
Shields commanding, composed of 3d Illinois, Colonel 
Forman, fth Illinois, Colonel Baker, 2d Infantry, Colonel 
Riley. 

At Reynosa, Company H. 2d Artillery and two com|)a- 
nies of the Ir.t Indiana, Captain Swartwout commanding. 

Matamoias, 3d Ohio, Colonel Curtis, Captains Louds, 
Vannesa, and Norman's companies of Artillery. Colonel 
Clarke commanding. 

Ciimp Belknap, Indiana Brigade, General Lane com- 
mrtnding ; 2d Indiana, Colonel Bowles, 3d Indiana, Colonel 
-Lane. 

Mouth of the Rio Grande, 1st Indiana, Colonel Drake. 
Brasos Island, Captain Porter's company of Artillery. 
Point Isabel, one company of Artillery, Major Gardner 
commanding 

Nov. 2d, 1846, orders were received from Washington, 
directing General Taylor to announce to the Mexican 
authorities that the armstice was broken up and that we 
were to commence hostilities with greater energy than ever. 
Maj«r Graham, with a small escort was dispatched to give 
the information to the Mexican forces. General Patterson 
was ordered to Tampico with a part of our forces at Mon- 
terey. General Worth was ordered with his division except- 
ing the 7th Infantry, a company of artillery and McKall's 



48 



Bi^TTLES or MEXICO. 



Battery and Colonel Siriith, to march to Saitillo on the 
12th (Nov ) 

Santa Anna took away the commissions and placed in 
confinement all the principal officers of Ampudia's army, 
exce.'t iig Mejia and Racina. Parades had gone to Ha- 
vana. On the 8th news arrived in camp that Gen. Wool 
had arrived at Monclova and would not advance upon Chi- 
huahua until further orders. 

On the 10th Major Graham returned, not having gone 
farther than Saitillo. He learned that Santa Anna was at 
San Luis Potogi, with sixteen thousand men, and expected 
iiix thousand more ; but he was nearly destitute of funds 
iiind ths army had a scarcity of provisions and clothing. 

On tht?12th Mr. McLane arrived from Washington order- • 
ing our army to take all the towns between Monterty and 
.Tamp i CO. 

On the 13th, Generals Taylor and Worth moved towaris 
Satillo, and took possession of the city on the 16th. It i& 
8«venty-five miles from Monterey. Capt. Harden with his 
Dragoons, was left in the city. 

On the 24th Capt. Taylor arrived from Caraargo, with 
ftwo eighteen-pounders and two eight inch howitzers. Gen. 
Shields and Col, Harny, arrived from General Wool's com- 
mand on the 24th. The former is to go to Tampico and 
iake the command. Brevet Major Buchanan, 4th Infantry, 
was appointed to command the Baltimore Batallion of Vol- 
unteers. Col. Benton sailed for Tampico, from Brasos,* with 
eix companies of artillery, about the same time. Santa 
Anna destroyed the water tanks between Monterey and 
Tampico. Seven Texans had been taken prisoners at Chi- 
na, before onr army reached Monterey. General Taylor 
demanded their release. ' Santa Anna complied. They re- 
ported that Santa Anna had about 27,000 men at San 



_ BATTLES OF MEXICO. 49 

Luis Potosi. The Mexicans caused some of our men, most- 
ly English and Germans, to desert, by giving them $60 each, 
citizens clothes, a horse, guide to the army, and 50 cents to 
drink the health of Santa Anna. Dec. 5th General Wool 
was ordered to Parras, east of Satillo. On the 2nd of Dec. 
Brigadier General Thomas L. Hamer, of Ohio, died of dys- 
entery, and was hurried on the 4th with raihtary honors. 
He was very much esteemed. 



NAVAL BATTLES. 



During this time, the navy was engaged in blockading 
Mexican ports. The brig Truxton, commanded by Com^ 
raander Carpenter, was run aground on the 15th of August, 
on the bar off Tuspan, and deserted. Lieut. Hunter, with a 
boat's crew, reached a vessel of the squadron, and the other 
officers and men surrendered to the enemy. They were 
afterwards exchanged for General La Vega and other Mex- 
ican officers. It was impossible to save the vessel and she 
was burned. An attempt had been made to capture Alva- 
rado, and failed as the vessels could not cross the bar. Oct. 
15th, another attempt was made by the steamers Vixen and 
Mc'Lane, three gun-boats. Schooners Nonata and Forward, 
and steamer Mississippi, Commander, Perry. The whole* 
commanded b'^ Commodore Connor. There was a battery 

4 



50 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 



at the mouth of the liver, mounting seven guns. The first 
division consisting of the Reefer and Bonita. towed by the 
Vixen, crossed the bar and engaged with the battery. The 
second division consisted of the Nonata Forward and Petrel, 
towed by the Mc'Lane. The steamer run agronndj-and the 
others could not be towed over. Commodore Connor thought 
it would be useless to go forward with one division and re- 
tired. Oct. 16th. Commodore Perry sailed to attach: Tobas- 
co with the Vixen, Capt. Sands, schooners Bonita, Ber 
ham, Reefer, Sterret, Nonata, and Hazard, schooner For- 
ward, Capt. Nones, and steamer Mc'Lane, Capt. How- 
ard. Capt. Forest had a command of about 200 marines 
ftnd sailors. He crossed the bpr Oct. 23rd, and took, withuot 
resistance, Frontera, capturing two steamers, and all the 
vessels in port. Tobasco is seventy-four miles up the river 
from Frontera. Our forces reached Fort Aceachappa, com- 
manding a difficult pass'in the river, Oct. 25th, and spiked 
the cannon, the enemy having left the fort. The vessels 
were all before Tobasco on the same day, about noon The 
town was summoned to surrender, but it refused. The 
boats soon captured five merchant vessels. The vessels 
fired upon the town, and Capt. Forest, with his command 
was ordered to Advance into the city. There was a sharp 
engagement, and the command were ordered back at night. 
At the desire of the foreign merchants the town was spared. 
On the 26th they left with their prizes. One, under Lieut. 
Parker, grounded and was fired upon, but Parker defended 
it and got the vessel off, with one man killed and two 
wounded. Lieutenant Morris was wounded in carrying a 
message to Lieut. Parker, and died November 1st. 

This expedition captured two steamers and seven vessels. 
Nov. 12th, Commodore Connor sailed for Tampico, with 
a considerable part of the squadron, and on the 14th the citj 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. §1 

surrendered unconditionally, without opposition. Nov. 20th 
Lieutenant Parker with Midshipman Rodgers, and Hynson 
at night with a small boat, and crew of six men, rowed in 
under the guns of San Juan d'Ullao, and burned the bark 
Creole, anchored there. This was very daring and brave. 
Midshipman Rodgers, Doct. J. W. Wright, and J. G. Fox, 
went ashore to reconnoitre one of the enemies magazines, in 
order to destroy it. After they had gone a little distance 
from the boat they were surrounded by seven Mexicans. 
Dr. Wright escaped, but the other two were taken prisoners. 

The last of August 1846, by order of the President, Brig- 
adier General J. E. Wool concentrated an army (called the 
" Central Division Army of Mexico"') in Texas, for the pur- 
pose of moving against Chihuahua, the capital of the state 
of the same name. The command was composed of the 
1st Illinois, Colonel Hardin, 2nd lUinois, Col. Bissell ; six 
companies of Arkansas mounnted men. Col. Yell, a compa- 
ny of Kentucky volunteers under Capt. Williams; two com- 
panies of 1st dragoons, Capt. Steen ; two companies 2d 
dragoons, Major Beall ; three companies of 6th Infantry, 
Major Bonneville, and Capt. Washington's company of horse 
artillery, in all 2,829. The first column moved from San 
Antonio Sept. 26th, commanded by Colonel Harney, and the 
second column marched Oct. 14th, under Col. Churchill. 

Oct. 29th, the command arrived at Monclora, and took 
possession without resistance. Here General Wool decided 
to go no farther towards Chihuahua. 

The command from Monterey moved on towards San Luis 
Potosi. It was reported that Santa Anna was advancing 
upon Saltillo and a part of our forces returned, Dec. 18th. to 
Monterey and found that the alarm was false. 

At this time Salas was president of the Mexican Congre.^s 



52 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 

and had, in his message, recommended a vigorous prose- 
.cution of the war. 

Dec. 31st, the rear guard of Colonel May, in passing 
from Labadores to Linares, was attacked by the enemy and 
cut off together with the baggage train. 

General Quitman took possession of Victoria on the 30th 
without resistance. 

Just beyond San Pedro, on the way to San Luis Potosi, 
when our men were passing through a defile with high moun- 
tains each side, a mine was sprung and showers of stones 
thrown down among us while we were fired upon from the 
other side. The arrieros deserted their mules and the rear 
guard, consisting of eleven men, fled. Colonel May dis- 
mounted twenty men and went through the pass. Only ^ 
an occasional shot was fired at them. Eleven men, twelve 
horses and all the baggage were lost. At Tula, one hun- 
dred and fifty miles from Victoria, towards San Luis Potosi, 
Generals Valencia and Urea, had concentrated, as was re- 
ported, Jan. 6th, a large force. 

The order was issued January 12thj 1847, to proceed to 
Tampico. We set out on the 13th. As General Taylor 
was about starting, he received orders from General Scott to 
send his whole command, excepting two batteries of 
light artillery, and squadron of dragoons, to Tampico, 
where Scott would meet them about the first of February. 
General Taylor was ordered to return to Monterey and re- 
main on the defensive. He left immediately, taking, in ad- 
dition to the above named forces, the 1st Mississippi regiment. 
Thus Taylor was deprived of almost all of his regulars, 
which blasted all of his hopes in reference to advancing upon 
San Luis Potosi. 

Upon parting with his old veteran soldiers. General Taylor 
said: 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 



53 



" It is with deep sensibility that the comnianding general 
finds himself separated from the troops he so long command- 
ed. To those corps, regular and volunteer, who have shared 
with him the active services of the field, he feels the attach- 
ment due such associations ; while to those making their 
first campaign, he must express his regret that he can not 
participate with them in its eventful scenes. To all, both 
officers and men, he extends his heartfelt wishes for their 
continued success and happiness, confident that their achieve- 
ments on another theatre will redound to the credit of their 
country and its arms." 

General Scott reached the Brasos, Dec. 28th, 1846 and 
took the command of the army. Gen. Worth was ordered 
to move, with all the regulars, excepting Washington's, 
Webster's, Sherman's and Bragg's batteries, to Point Isabel. 

The force that set out for Tampico, Jan. 13, arrived on 
the 23rd. General Taylor and his command, arrived at 
Monterey on his return from Victoria, the last of Jan. 1847. 
General Wool had established a camp at therancho. Tay- 
lor kept possession of Saltillo and the strong passes in ad- 
vance of it, and stationed his forces, at these points. 

Jan. 22; a scouting party, under Major Borland 'and 
Gaines, the former of the Arkansas and the latter of the 
Kentucky cavalry, were surrounded by General Minon 
with three thousand meh, and captured, sixty miles from 
Saltillo. Our men numbered sixty-four privates and six 
officers and they were immediately marched off to Mexico. 
This capture exhibited great carelessness in the officers. 
Capt Henrie, a Texan Volunteer, escaped and reached Sal- 
tillo in safety. 

Jan. 27th Capt Heady wnth seventeen Kentucky volun- 
teers was captured by the enemy, while on a scouting 
party, without any resistance. 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 

54 



BATTLE OF BUENA VISTA. 



On the 5th of February, General Taylor, having heard 
reports of the advancement of Santa Anna with a laj-ge 
force, moved his head quarters eighteen miles south of Sal- 
lillo, to Agua Nueva. By the 8th all of his army except- 
ing Major Warren's command, which was left at Saltilio, 
concentrated at that point. The forces consisted of two 
companies of the 1st Dragoons, under Captain Steen ; two 
companies 2d Dragoons, under Brevet Lieutenant-colonel 
May ; Bragg's and Sherman's batteries, 3d Artillery ; 
Washington's battery, 4th Artillery ; one regiment Arkan- 
sas cavalry, under Colonel Yell ; one regiment of Ken- 
tucky cavalry, under Colonel Marshall ; 2d Kentucky fool 
under Colonel M'Kee ; 1st Regiment Mississippi Rifles, un- 
der Colonel Davis ; 3d Indiana, under Colonel Lane ; 1st 
Ilhnois, under Colonel Hardin ; 2d Ilhnois, under Colonel 
Bissell ; and two companies of Texas volunteers, one corn- 
commanded by Captain Conner, the other a spy company, 
commanded by the celebrated Captain (now Major) M'Cul- 
lough, in all amounting to three hundred and thirty-four 
officers, and four thousand four hundred and twenty-five 
men. 

It was evident that there must be a terrible conflict and 
General Taylor selected a pass two miles in advance of 
Buena Vista, as his position. There was a valley about 
three miles broad, Avith irregular surface, containing occa- 
sionally hills and ravines, and was surrounded bv high 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 55 

mountains. The road passed by the side of a deep arioyo, 
which was impassable. On the right side of the road, 
there were great gullies which it was impossible to cross, 
extending to the mountains. On the left of the road 
were steep ascents to the tops of the spurs of the mountain 
and there was formed a plain, suitable for a battle field. 
The choice of this place showed much s<kill and good 
judgment in the General, By the 21st of Feb. our forces 
were stationed at this position. Col. Yell was left, with some 
cavalry to cover the removal of the stores and were driven in 
by the enemy. Our men secured most of the stores and 
burned the remainder. General Taylor went to Saltillo 
immediately, to make arrangements for its defence, leaving 
Gen, Wool to command the army. Our forces prepared 
for the advance of the enemy. Capt. Washington's bat- 
tery was so placed as to command the road. The 1st 
and 2d Illinois regiments containing sixteen hundred 
strong, and the 2nd Kentucky regiment, occupied crests of 
ridges in the rear and to the left. Near the base of the 
mountain at the extreme left, stood the Arkansas and Ken- 
tucky cavalry Th« Indiana Brigade under General Lane, 
the Mississippi Riflemen, the two squadrons of dragoons, 
and Sherman's and Bragg's batteries were held in reserve. 

Qn the morning of the 22nd the enemy approached, and 
General Taylor returned immediately to camp. Tremen- 
dous clouds of dust announced the advance of the enemy, 
who arrived in position, with immense masses, between 10 
and 11 A. M. All was silence, waiting for the attack, when 
a white flag was brought into our camp, by Surgeon-gene- 
ral Lindenberger, with the following message from Santa 
Anna : 

'• You are surrounded by tv.^enty thousand men, and can ■ 
not in any human probability avoid suffering a route, and 



5b 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 



being cut to pieces with your troops ; but as you deserve 
consideration and particular esteem, I wish to save you 
from a catastrophe, and for that purpose give you this notice 
in order that you may surrender at discretion, under the 
assurance that you will be treated with the consideration 
belonging to the Mexican character, to which end you will 
be granted an hour's time to make up your mind, to com- 
mence from the moment when my flag of truce arrives in 
your camp. 

" With this view, I assure you of my particular conside- 
ration. 

" God and Liberty. Camp at Encantada, February 22d, 
1847. 

''Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. 
"To Gen. Z. Taylor, comm'g the forces of the United States.'* 

Old Rough and Ready answered thus : "^ 

" Headquarters, Army of Occupation, \ 
Near Buena Vista, Feb. 22, 1847. ] 

" Sir, — In reply to your note of this date, summoning 
me to'surrender my force at discretion, I beg leave to say 
that I decline acceding to your request. With high respect, 
I am , sir, 

" Your obedient servant, Z. Taylor, 

"Maj. Gen. U. S. Army, commanding, 
" Senor Gen. D.Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, ) 
Commander-in-chief, La Encantada." ) 

Several hours passed before any attack was made. The 
columns of the enmy's rear could be seen moving up. 
There was a slight demonstration of our right and a section of 
Bragg,s battery, supported by the 2d Kentucky foot, were 
detached to that point. They bivoucked for the night. 
Near evening, the light troops of the enemy commenced 
upon our left, consisting of detachments of Arkansas and 
Kentucky cavalry dismounted, and a battalion of Indiana 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 



57 



Riflemen, under Major Gorman and all commanded by 
Colonel Marshall. Some shells were thrown into this 
part of our 'ine, by the enemy without effect, This skir- 
mishing was continued until after dark, with slight loss 
on our side. Three pieces of Washington's battery under 
Oapt. O'Brien, took position to the left. Here the troops 
rested during the night on their arms. 
■ Genral Taylor proceeded to Saltillo with the Mississippi 
regiment and squadron of 2nd dragoons, and while there 
about fifteen hundred Mexicans under General Minon had 
advanced into the valley, by a pass through the mountains, 
and were seen in the rear of the city. They were designed 
to harass us and cut off our retreat. There were in the 
city, four companies of Illinois volunteers under Major War- 
ren of the first regiment. There was a field-work command- 
ing the approaches and was garrisoned by Capt. Webster's 
company with two twenty-four pound howitzers. Two 
companies of Mississippi riflemen, under Capt. Rodgers 
with one field-piece under Capt. Shower, defended the train. 

Jan. 22nd, during the night, the enemy stationed a large 
force of light troops upon the side of the mountain, to out- 
flank our left. 

On the morning of the 23rd, the action was renewed at 
Ibis point. Col. Marshall Avith his riflemen, re-enforced by 
three companies of Illinois volunteers, under Major Trail. 
s toed firm and did considerable execution with their sure 
rifles. At 8 o'clock a large column of the enemy moved up 
the road and threatened our centre, but Washington's ener- 
getic battery kept thera back. The enemy could do noth- 
ng on account of the nature of the ground, where they 
stood ; but our left being on an extensive plain, Santa 
Anna thought- that he could outflank us. Large bodies 
of the enemy passed up the ravines undercover of 
the ridgeS; and co ncentrated near our left. The 2d Indiana 



58 



BATTLES OK MiiAICO. 



and 2 Illinois regiments formed the extreme left of out line 
and the former supported O'Brien's three pieces of artillery. 
The commander on the left was Brigadier-general Lane. 
O'Brien was ordered to advance towards the enemy with his 
guns. The light was now very severe upuu the enemy; 
but they poured upon our men volleys of grape and can- 
nister. The action was so warm that the Indiana regi- 
ment broke, not being able to stand against such a hre. 
and left the artillery unprotected. Thus Capt. O'Brien v.as 
obliged to retire leaving one of his pieces, at which ev- 
ery man and horse was either killed or wounded. The 
cowardly Indiana regiment could not be rallied, though 
Major Dixj Paymaster U. S. Army, induced a few to return 
and join , together with their Colonel Bowles, the Missis- 
sippi regiment. They were very useful during the remain- 
der of the day. Our left giving way, encouraged the enemyj 
and large masses of them pressed forward and forced our 
light troops on the side of the mountain, to retire, and ma- 
ny of them could not be rallied until they reached the de- 
pot at Buena Vista. The 2nd Illinois regiment, to which 
a section of Sherman's battery was attached, were driven 
before the enemy. 

The Mexican Infantry and cavalry poured in so rapidly 
that our rear was in danger. Thus far evidently, every 
move went against us. But General Taylor now arrived 
and took a commanding position on the elevated plateau. 
His presence was enough to animate our troops. The 
Missssippi regiment, under Davis, was ordered to the 
left, and came in contact, immediately with large portions 
of the enemy, who had turned our flank. 

The struggle was severe, but in favor of our troops. The 
2nd Kentucky, under Col. M'Kee, with a section of artil- 
ery under. Bragg, had been ordered to support our left. 
These with a part of the 1st Illinois under Col. Hardin 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 59 

were now fiercely engaged with the enemy, and recovere d 
to some extent, the lost ground. 

The batteries of Bragg and Sherman were very effective 
in the columns of the enemy, and especially those who 
were in our rear. The Mississippi regiment exhibited grea. 
bravery, sustaining the attacks of the enemy without flinch- 
ing. The 3rd Indiana, under Colonel Lane, and a piece of 
artillery under Colonel Kilburn, finally moved to their aid. 
The Mexican infantry and cavalry repeatedly advanced 
with the most determined impetuosity, intending to force our 
line, but they were received so firmly and warmly that they 
were glad lo fall back. Our artillery made awful havoc. 
Brevet Lieutenant Colonel May commanded the regu 
lar cavalry, and Captain Pike's of the Arkansas cav- 
alry. May, with the Kentucky and Arkansas cavalry, un- 
der Colonels Marshall and Yell, were directed to keep in 
check the masses that had gained our rear. The enemy 
still were determined at all hazards, to break our left. Oui 
forces were. pouring upon the enemy a terrific fire from dif- 
ferent seciions and pieces, under O'Brien, Bragg, Sherman 
Thomas, Kilburn, Reynolds, French and Bryan, forming 
a long line. The thick columns of the enemy were made 
to stagger, fearful inroads were made in their ranks, and 
they were finally, after many desperate struggles, obliged 
to give way. Their success v/as short, and their shouts of tri- 
umph were soon at an end. Just as they began to give way 
a little, Lieutenant Rucker, with his squadron of 1st dragoons, 
was ordered to dash in among them, which was done with 
great effect. 

It was feared that the portion of the enemy in our rear 
might attack the train at Buena Vista, and Col. May, with 
his command, and two pieces of artillery under Lieutenant 
Reynolds, was ordered to that place. But, before they arri- 
ved, the Arkansas and Kentucky cavalry had met the ene- 



60 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 



my and repulsed them. They broke in two columns, one 
'escaped by the ranch, and received a destructive fire from 
the fugitive forces of a part of Major Trail's and Gorman's 
command, whom Major Munroe had reorganized. The 
other column of the enemy gained the mountain, but re- 
ceived a terrible fire fiom the pieces under. Lieutenant 
Reynolds. 

Colonel Yell was killed, in the charge, at Buena Vista, at 
the head of his regiment. Adjutant V aughn, also, of the 
Kentucky cavalry fell in that engagement. 

A part of the Arkansas and Indiana troops, and Col. May, 
with his command, kept in check the enemy's right. They 
were crowded in vast numbers in ravines, and our guns made 
horrid work with them. Those who had gained our rear 
were now in the greatest danger. Santa Anna perceived it 
and in his deceptive and cowardly manner, sent a white flag 
into our camp, and asked General Taylor " what he wanted." 
Taylor immediately ordered the firing to cease, and sent 
General Wool, with a white flag, to answer the message. 
No consultation could be had, as the Mexicans kept on firing. 
Santa Anna had gained time for his forces to reach their 
lines and he cared no more for the truce. This was barba- 
rous enough in the Mexican General. While the enemy 
were retreating, they were severely handled by our artillery. 

The cavalry under General Minon, were in the road be- 
tween the battleground and Saltillo, and it was feared that 
they would fall upon the city. Capt- Webster fired upon 
them from the redoubt, and they moved towards Buena 
Vista. Capt. Shover, with some volunteers and apiece of 
artillery, accompanied by a piece of Webster's battery, un- 
der Lieut. Donaldson, aided by Capt. Wheeler, with his Il- 
linois volunteers, drove the enemy into the ravines, leading 
to the lower valley. The enemv endeavored to charge 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 61 

once or twice, but were driven back every time in confurjion. 
Firing had now nearly ceased; but one struggle more was 
to come. Santa Anna, being reinforced by cavalry, under 
cove.- of artillery, charged our Hne in a most desperate 
manner, by horse and foot. Great masses came rushing on, 
and poured among us a deadly fire. The 2nd Kentucky, 
1st Illinois, and O^Brien, with two pieces, received the se- 
verest part of the attack. The infantry supporting,0'Brien's 
piece Avas routed and their piece left in the hands of the 
enemy. 

Our batteries, however, finally turned the tide. Their fire 
was so firm, precise and awful, that the enemy could not re- 
sist, and fell back in disorder. Harden and McKee, charg- 
ed the enemy with great bravery and impetuosity. They 
fled, but seeing the few pursuing, turned suddenly and came 
up in vast numbers. There was dreadful carnage on both 
sides. We had but a mere handful compared with the en- 
emy, and our men were again routed, and it seemed that we 
must be beaten. Brent and Whiting of Washington's bat 
tery covered their retreat. 

General Taylor looked on calmly and unmoved, while 
the balls were flying all around him. 

Bragg's battery had now reached the place of attack. 
Bragg told his Captain to unlimber the piece and wait till 
the enemy had arrived nearly to the muzzle, They rushed 
on certain that they should conquer us ; but the battery 
opened and poured into their masses a plenty of grape. They 
staggered at]the first fire, and the second opened streets through 
them and the third volley entirely dispersed them and they 
fled in dismay. Our loss was heavy in this last struggle. 

In this desperate conflict, Colonels Hardin, and McKee 
and Lieutenant-Colonel Clay, feU at the head of their regi- 
ments. Our artillery turned the tide of battle three times 



62 



[{ATTLKS OF MKXICO. 



duriUi^f the day. It was now ten hours tluit tlic battle had 
been ragiiit^. The enemy did not make another attempt lo 
force our lines, and our troops, weary, dropped upon the 
imttle ground to seek rest to prepare them for the morrow, 
among the dead and dymg, without any fires to warm their 
benumbed Hmbs. The wounded were removed to Saltillo and 
our men prepared for an attack in the morning ; but the 
enemy retired very early to Agua Nueva, leaving many 
of their dead and dying. Brigadier-general Marshall made a 
foiced march for Rintonada to reinforce our troops there ; 
but he was too late to participate in tlie action. 

In the battle of Buena Vista, we had two lumdred and 
sixty-seven killed, four Jiundred and fifty-six wounded, and 
twenty-three missing. The enemy must have lost two 
thousand. There were five hundred of their dead left upon 
the field. We had twenty-eight officers killed and forty- one 
wounded. 

What an awful responsibility re.sts upon somebody for 
ushering so many innocent persons into the presence of their 
Judge ! 

The names of the officers killed and wounded are the 
following : 

General Staff: killed, Captain George Lincoln, Assis 
tant Adjutant General ; wounded, H. W. Benham, 1st 
Lieutenant Engineers ; F. S. Bryan, brevet 2d Lieuten- 
ant Topographical engineers. 1st Regiment of dragoons : 
wounded, Captain E. Steen. 2d regiment of dragoons : 
wounded. Brevet Lieutenant-colonel C. A. May. 3d Regi- 
ment Artillery : wounded. Lieutenant S. G. French. 4th 
Artillery : wounded, 1st Lieutenant J. P. O'Brien. Missis- 
sippi Rides: killed, 1st Lieutenant R. L. Moore. 2d Lieut. 
F. M'Nulty ; wounded, Colonel Davis, Captains Sharp 
and Stockaw, 1st Lieutenants Corwin and Posey. 1st 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 



63 



Regiment Illinois : killed, Colonel Hardin, Captain Zabris- 
kie, and lst_LieiUenant Houghton. 2d Regiment Illinois; 
killed, Captain Woodward, Lieutenants Rountree, Fletcher 
Ferguson, Robbins, Steel, Kelly, Bartleson. Atherton, and 
Price; wounded, Captains Coffee and Baker, Lieutenants 
Picket, Englefhan, West, and Whiteside. Texas volunteers •, 
killed, 1st Lieutetenant Campbell, 2d Lieutenant Leonhard ; 
wounded Captain Connor. Indiana volunteers : Brigade 
Staff; Brigadier-aeneral Lane. 2d Indiana : killed. Cap- 
tains Kinder and Walker, and Lieutenant Parr; wounded, 
Captains Sanderson and Osborn, Lieutenants Cayce, Davis, 
Pennington, Lewis, Moore, and Epperson. 3d Indiana • 
killed, Captain Taggart ; wounded. Major Gorman, Cap- 
tains Sleep and Connover. 2d Kentucky foot; killed, 
Cojonel M'Kee, Lieutenant-Colonel Clay, and Captain 
Willis ; wounded, Lieutenants Barber and Napier. Arkan- 
sas Cavalry : killed. Colonel Yell, Captain Porter : wounded, 
Lieutenant Reader. 

A large portion of officers fell showing their unconquera- 
ble bravery. It was a battle of artillery. General Taylor 
said , — 

" The services of the light artillery, always conspicuous, 
were more than usually distinguished. Moving rapidly over 
the roughest ground, it was always in action at the right 
place and at the right time, and its well-directed fire dealt 
destruction in the masses of the enemy." 

The General was necessarily much exposed. Two balls 
j)assed through his clothes. Our forces consisted of five 
thousand, and but four hundred and fifty-three of them were 
regulars. We were not able to follow up our success for 
the want of more man. 



g4^ BATTLES OF MEXICO. 

On the 26th General Taylor issued the following order: 

" Headquarters, Array of Occupation, ) 
Buena Vista, Feb. 26, 1847. \ 

Order No. 12. 

I. The commanding general has the grateful task of 
congratulating the troops upon the brilliant success which 
attended their arms in the conflict of the 22 nd and 23rd, 
Confident in the immense superiority of numbers, and stim- 
ulated by the presence of a distinguished leader, the Mexi- 
can troops were yet repulsed in every effort to force ou^" 
jiries, and finally withdrew with immense loss from the field. 

II. The general would express his obligations to the men 
and officers engaged for the cordial support which they ren- 
dered throughout the action. It will be his highest pride 
to bring to the notice of the government the conspicuos 
gallantry of particular officers and corps, whose unwaver- 
ing steadiness more than once saved the fortunes of the day. 
He would also express his high satisfaction with the small 
command left at Saltillo. Thooigh not so seriously engaged 
as their comrades, their services were very important, and 
efficiently rendered. While bestowing this just tribute to 
the good conduct of the troops, the general deeply regrets to 
say that there were not a few exceptions. He trusts that 
those who fled ingloriously to Buena Vista, and even to Sal- 
tillo, will seek an opportunity to retrieve their reputation; 
and to emulate the bravery of their comrades who bore the 
brunt of the battle, and sustained, against fearful odds, the 
honor of the flag. 

in. The exhultation of success is checked by the heavy 
sacrifice of life which it has cost, embracing many officers 
of high rank and rare merit. While igthe sympathy of a 
grateful country will be given to the bereaved families and 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. gg 

friends of those who nobly fell, their illustrious example 
will remain for the benefit and admiration of the army. 

By order, Major-general Taylor. 

Signed, W. W .S. Bliss. 

Assistant Adjutant-general. 

This order will be read at the head of every company. 

By order : 
Signed, W. W. S. Bliss. 

It "was found that the enemy were retiring towards San 
Luis Potosi. 

Our forces returned to Agua Nueva on the 27th. The 
road was strewed with dead and wounded Mexicans, and 
their army seemed to be in a perfect state of disorganization 

Had it not been for the astonishing bravery of our men, 
in this battle, (5000 against 21,000,) we must have been 
overwhelmed. 

General Urea, with about 8000 cavalry, had cut off all 
communication between Camargo and Monterey, previous 
to the battle of Buena Vista. A train of waggons, escorted 
by thirty men, was attacked and captured Feb. 24th, at 
Ramos. The wagons were burned and the teamsters dread- 
fully mutilated and their bodies cast into the flames. 

March 7th, Major Giddings, in charge of a train of one 
hundred and fifty waggons, was attacked near Ceralvo. 
After a severe struggle, the enemy w^as repulsed, but we lost 
fifteen teamsters, two privates of Ohio volunteers, and fifty 
wagons. 

General Taylor returned to Monterey early in March 
and pursued Urea, for a while and drove him over the 
mountaints. In April six thousand volunteers were 
called out by government to re-enforce the army. General 

5 



66 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 



Taylor was lo receive enough of them, to make, with what 
he had, about ten thousand men. 

After this, nothing of much interest occurred ia northern 
Mexico. The theatre of war was changed to another part 
of the country. The strong forts had been taken and the 
enemy conquered in every battle. 

General Scott had been ordered to Mexico by the govern- 
ment, Nov. 23rd, 1846, in the following language : 

War Department, Washington, JVovember, 23, 1847 

Sir, — The President, several days since communicated, 
m person to you his orders to repair to Mexico, to take com- 
mand of the forces there assembled, and particularly to or- 
jranize and set on foot an expedition to operate on the 
Gulf coast, if, on arriving at the theatre of action, you 
Jihali deem it to be practicable. It is not proposed to con- 
trol your operations by definite and positive instructions, 
but you are left to prosecute them as your judgment, under 
a full view of all the circumstances, shall dictate. The 
work is before you, and the means provided, or to be pro- 
vided, for accomplishing it, are committed to you, in the 
lull confidence that you will use them to the best advan- 
tage. 

The objects which it is desirable to obtain have been in 
dicated, and it is hoped that you will have the requisite force 
to accomplish them. 

Of this you must be the best judge, when preparations are 
made, and the time for action arrived. 
Very respectfully. 

your obedient servant, 

W. L. Marcv, 
Secretary of War. 

Gen. WiKFiELu Scott, 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 



67 



Vera Cruz is situated in 19 degrees 11 minutes 52 sec- 
onds north lalitiule. One portion of its walls is washed by 
the Atlantic, and the shore on the opposite side is a dry 
and sandy plain. 

General Scott sailed from New York, Nov. 30th and 
reached the Rio Grande Jan 1st 1847, 




AMERICAN FLEET SALUTING THE CASTLE AT VERA CHUZ 



^o BATTLES OF MEXICO. 

68 . 



BATTLE OF VERA CRUZ. 

The new army was designated to attack the city of Vera 
Cruz and the Castle of San Juan de Ulloa. The naval 
squadron, under Commodore Conner, was to assist the 
land forces. The squadron landed at Anton Lizardo, 
March 7th. The troops, sent from General Taylor, ar- 
rived in February, and increased his army to 12,000 men. 

DESCRIPTION OF THE CITY OF VERA CRUZ AND CASTLE 
OF SAN JUAN DE ULLOA. 

" Vera Cruz is situated in IQ'^' 11' 52" north latitude. 
One portion of its walls is washed by the Atlantic, and the 
shore on the opposite side is a dry and sandy plain. 

" The city is small, but from the regularity which marks 
its laying out, it is beautiful. The streets are wide, straight, 
and well paved. The houses, of which there are one thou- 
sand and sixty-three, are mostly two stories high, and built 
of the Muscara stone, taken from the sea-beach. 

" The fortifications of the city consist of nine towers 
connected together by means of a stone and mortar wall, 
which, however, is not very thick. The two towers named 
Santiago and Conception are the most important. They are 
situated at that portion of the walls looking toward the cas- 
tle of San Juan, and are distant from each other one thou- 
sand two hundred and seventy varas. The other towers, 
including the one called San Fernando, are almost equal 
in shape, size, and strength. All of them can mount one 
hundred pieces of artillery of various sizes ; and save those 
of the middle ones, their fires all cross in front of the 



BATTLES or MEXICO. 



69 



guard-houses, the external walls of which form part of the 
walls which surround the city. 

" Although the port of Vera Cruz is the principal one in 
the Gulf of Mexico, it is very dangerous during the seasons 
of the northers — that which is called the bay, being, in 
reality, nothing more than a bad roadstead. Baron Hum- 
boldt but too faithfully described the harbor of Vera Cruz 
when he said, that the only shelter it affords shipping is a 
dangerous anchorage among shoals. 

" The castle of San Juan de Ulloa is unquestionably the 
most celebrated of all American fortresses. Its construc- 
tion was commenced in the year 1582, upon a bar or 
bank, in front of the town of Vera Cruz, at the distance 
of one thousand and sixty-two Castilian varas or yards, 
and it is entirely surrounded by water. The centre of the 
area occupied by this fortress is a small island, upon which 
Juan de Grijalva landed a year previous to the arrival of 
Cortes upon the Continent, and, at that period, it acci- 
dentally received the name which it retains to this present 
day. It seems that there was a shrine or temple erected 
upon it, in which human victims were sacrificed to the 
Indian gods ; and as the Spaniards were informed that 
these offerings were made in accordance with the com- 
mands of the kings of Acolhua (one of the provinces of the 
empire), they confounded or abbreviated this name into 
the word Ulloa, which they affixed to the island. 

" According to a report made on the 17th of January, 
1775, it was the opinion of a council of war, composed of 
distinguished officers, that this fortress, after all its defen- 
ces were completed, would require a garrison for effective 
service, composed of seventeen hundred infantry soldiers, 
three hundred artillery, two' hundred and twenty-eight 
sailors, and a hundred supernumeraries. 



70 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 

a 

" The exterior polygon, which faces Vera Cruz, extends 
three hundred yards in length, whilst that which defends 
the north channel is, at least, two hundred yards long. 
Besides this, there is a low battery situated in the bastion 
of Santiago, which doubles the fire on that channel. The 
southern channel is commanded also by the battery of San 
Miguel. 

" The whole fortress is constructed oiMadrepora Jistreay 
a species of soft coral, which abounds in the neighboring 
islands. Its walls are from four to five yards in thickness, 
their exterior being faced with a harder stone. It is well 
supplied with water, having seven cisterns within the 
castle, which altogether contain ninety-three thousand 
seven hundred and sixty-seven cubic feet of water. Its 
full equipment of artillery pieces is three hundred and 
seventy ; but it contained only a hundred and seventy- 
seven when attacked by the French in 1838." 

A regiment of Louisiana volunteers, under Colonel 
Russey, were wrecked in February near the island of Lobos. 
They were met by a large force under General Cos and 
ordered to surrender. They were without arms, but Colo- 
nel Russey delayed his answer until night, presenting at 
the same time a bold front. He lighted up camp fires, 
left his baggage, and, by forced marches, reached the 
American quarters at Tampico. 

The two commanding oflBcers, immediately after landing 
at Lizardo, reconnoitred the city in the steamer Petrita, 
and thought best to land on the beach due west of the 
island of Sacrificios. At daybreak on the 9th, about 
2,800 troops were transferred, in each frigate, and piopor- 
tionate numbers in smaller vessels, to Sacrificios. A little 
after 11 A. M. the squadron moved off majestically The 
day was fine, with a gentle breeze from the south east, and 
a smooth sea. The passage occupied between two and 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 7] 

.hree hours, and the vessels were anchored without con- 
fusion . Gen. Scott ordered the landing to be commenced 
immediately, ordering the steamers Spitfire and Vixen, and 
five gun-boats, to form a line parallel with and near the 
beach,, in order to cover the landing of our men in the 
surf-boats. As the boats, 65 in number, received the 
troops, they assembled in a line, abreast, betvs^een the 
fleet and the gun-boats and pulled for the shore, all at 
once, landing without resistance. General Worth com- 
manded this first line of the army and formed his men, 
4,500 strong, on the beach and neighboring heights just 
before sunset, and by 10 P. M. an army of 10,000 men 
were on shore, without any accident occurring. All but 
a few companies had landed. The next day the artillery, 
horses, provisions, and other materials were landed, and ' 
the remaining troops, making more than eleven thousand 
men. General Scott landed early in the morning, and 
preparations were immediately made to surround the city. 
As our men advanced, some shot and shells were fired 
from the town and castle, but without effect. At 2 o'clock,,; 
March 10th, a brisk fire from the enemy commenced.-!- 
One of our men had his thigh broken, and two others were-) 
wounded. A small detachment was sent out under Cap- j. 
tain Gordon to reconnoitre. He found himself, after going) j 
two or three hundred yards, near a body of men and hailed r^ 
them. They answered in English, and soon answered 
again by a volley of bullets, which was returned by the 
detachment, and the Mexicans were obliged to retire into 
the town. At sunrise, the steamer Spitfire, Capt. Tatnall, , , 
took position in front of the city and castle, and com- 
menced firing. She continued for an hour, and the city 
and castle returned the compliment. Soon after the ' 
Spitfire opened her fire, the»lst and 2d divisions moved up 
the beach towards the city about a mile and commenced 



,y2 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 

to invest the place. Four or five regiments of Mexican 
infantry and cavalry appeared in front of the city, half a 
mile from our men, and commenced firing upon us. One 
of our mountain howitzers and some rockets were placed 
on the hills. A few shots were fired and rockets sent ; 
but without effect. Captain Taylor was ordered to try 
the six-pounder, which caused the Mexicans to retire be- 
hind the hill. One Mexican was killed. 

General Worth was successful in taking his position on 
the right of the investment by 11 o'clock. The line, cir- 
cumvallating the city, was to run along a chain of sand- 
hills about 3 miles from the city, ranging from 300 to 
1500 feet high, entirely commanding the town and fortifi- 
cations. The heavy guns from the castle could reach the 
right wing. 

After Worth had taken his position. General Patterson's 
division took up its line of march, with General Pillow's 
brigade in advance, in order to form on the left of Worth's 
division. After proceeding a mile, they met the enemy 
in a thick chaparral. There Was a smart fire for about 
twenty minutes. The Mexicans retreated. Gen. Pillow 
had great diflficulty in advancing through the chaparral. 
He proceeded about half a mile farther by 4 p. m., and met 
the enemy again, in ambuscade. Their fire was heavy 
upon our men, and General Patterson sent the New York 
regiment of Shields' brigade to aid General Pillow ; but 
only one New York company arrived, before General 
Pillow had routed the enemy by a charge. Only two of 
our men were slightly wounded. A body of the enemy 
were seen at a little distance, at a house known as a maga- 
zine, on the left flank of Pillow'»command. A 6-pounder 
was directed towards them, and a few shots were enough 
to disperse them. Towards sun-down. Gen. Pillow reach- 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 73 

ed, by great effort, one of the highest points in the rear of 
the city, and erected the star spangled banner. The bat- 
teries from .iie town and castle, kept up a continued firing 
tall dark. One shell exploded in front of General Worth 
and staff. 

At 7 A. M., (March 11th) General Quitman's brigade 
was ordered to relieve General Pillow from the place which 
he occupied during the night. The Mexicans, thinking 
that our men were deserting the heights, approached and 
were met by General Quitman, who advanced to the top 
of the hill. A smart fire was kept up for an hour. 

Capt. Davis, of the Georgia regiment, with twenty rifle- 
men, were sent as skirmishers, to move round under the 
hill and engage the enemy in close quarters. About 200 
of the enemy advanced on him, and he held them in check 
until Colonel Jackson, with the balance of three compa- 
nies, and Col. Dickerson and his regiment, came to his 
aid. The enemy wei'e obliged to retire, with the loss of 
several dead and wounded. We had seven slightly 
wounded. 

At 9 A, M., General Twiggs, with his mounted rifles in 
advance, moved up to take position on the left of the line. 
It w'as very difficult as the cannon had to be lifted over 
sand-ridges by the men, in many cases. The force all 
reached their destination by the sea-shore, above the town, 
about sun-down. Thus the city was surrounded by us, 
our line reaching about eight miles. General Worth occu- 
pied the right. General Twiggs the left, and General Pat- 
terson the centre. 

Our men now commenced placing their heavy batteries 
in position to open upon the town. 

By the 22d, seven ten-inch mortars were in battery, 



74 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 

and the others nearly ready. At two, P. M., General 
Scott addressed a summons to the Governor of Vera Cruz, 
and received an answer in two hours. The Governor 
supposed that Scott ordered him to surrender the town 
and castle (though that was not the case, as Scott was not 
prepared to make such a demand). 

Scott now determined to open his seven mortars upon 
the town. The small vessels of Commodore Perry's 
squadron, two steamers and five schooners, came within a 
mile and an eighth of the city and opened a brisk fire, 
which continued till 9, A. M. (March 23), when the Com- 
modore called the vessels away from so dangerous a posi- 
tion. By noon we had ten mortars battering the walls of 
the city. The ten inch mortars planted about eight hun- 
dred yards from the city, were very effective. Our men, 
thus far, from the time of their landing had only four or 
five men wounded, and one officer and one private killed. 
The officer was Capt. J. R. Vinton, of the U. S. 3d ar- 
tillery. He was killed in the trenches, March 24th, at 
ten, A. M. The naval battery, No. 5, consisting of three 
thirty-two pounders and three eight inch Paixhans, open- 
ed a terrific fire, under Capt. Aulick. The battery was 
active till two, P. M. We lost four sailors killed, and 
Lieut. Baldwin was slightly wounded. 

March 25th', battery No. 4, consisting of four twenty- 
four pounders, and two eight inch Paixhans, opened. 

Now, batteries 1, 2, 3", 4 and 5, were shaking the whole 
foundation of the city, by their tremendous fire. 

On the evening of the 24th, the foreign consuls signed 
a memorial, requesting General Scott to grant a truce, so 
that the neutrals and women and children might retire 
from the city. Our heavy guns made dreadful havoc, de- 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 75 

.r.' 
stroying many women and children. General* Scott re- 
plied : 

First, That a truce could only be granted on the 
application of Governor Morales, with a view to surren- 
der ; second, That in sending safeguards to the different 
consuls, beginning as far back as the 13th instant, he dis- 
tinctly admonished them, particularly the French and 
Spanish consuls — and, of course, through the two, the 
other consuls — of the dangers that have followed ; third, 
That although, at that date, he had already refused to al- 
low any person whatsoever to pass the line of investment 
either way, yet the blockade had been left open to the 
consuls and other neutrals to pass out to their respective 
ships of war up to the 22d instant ; and, fourth, he en- 
closed to the memorialists a copy of his summons to the 
governor, to show that he had fully considered the im- 
pending hardships and distresses of the place, including 
those of women and children, before one gun had been 
fired in that direction. 

On the 26th, General Scott received overtures from 
General Landero, on whom General Morales had devolv- 
ed the command, and on account of a heavy norther, he 
was unable to communicate with the ships until the 27th. 

The American Commissioners were, Generals Worth 
and Pillow, Colonel Totten, and Capt. Aulick. 

It was finally agreed that the city and castle should 
surrender to us. 

The following are the terms of capitulation : 

" 1. The whole garrison, or garrisons, to be surrender- 
ed to the arms of the United States, as prisoners of war, 
the 29th instant, at 10 o'clock, A. M. ; the garrisons to 
be permitted to march out with all the honors of war, and 



76 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 

to lay down their arms to such officers as may be appoint- 
ed by the general-in-chief of the United States' armies, and 
at a point to be agreed upon by the commissioners. 

" 2. Mexican officers shall preserve their arms and . 
ji'rivate effects, including horses and horse-furniture, and 
to be allowed, regular and irregular officers, as also the 
lank and file, five days to retire to their respective homes, 
©n parole, as hereinafter prescribed. 

" 3. Coincident with the surrender, as stipulated in ar- 
ticle 1, the Mexican flags of the various forts and stations 
jshall be struck, saluted by their own batteries ; and, im- 
raediately thereafter, Forts Santiago and Conception, and" 
the castle of San Juan de Ulloa, occupied by the forces of 
the United States. -' 

" 4. The rank and file of the regular portion of the pri- 
soners to be disposed of after surrender and parole, as 
their general-in-chief may desire, and the irregular to be 
permitted to return to their homes. The officers, in re- 
spect to all arras and descriptions of force, giving the 
usual parole, that the said rank and file, as well as them- 
selves, shall not serve again until duly exchanged. 

" 5. All the materiel of war, and all public property 
of every description found in the city, the castle of San 
Juan de Ulloa and their dependencies, to belong to the 
United States ; but the armament of the same (not injured 
or destroyed in the further prosecution of the actual war), 
may be considered as liable to be restored to Mexico by a 
definite treaty of peace. 

" 6. The sick and wounded Mexicans to be allowed to 
remain in the city, with such medical officers and attend- 
ants, and officers of the army, as may be necessary to theif 
care and treatment. 

" 7. Absolute protection is solemnly guaranteed to per- 



V BATTLES OF MEXICO. 77 

sons in tne city, and property, and it is clearly under- 
stood that no private building or property is to be taken 
or used by the forces of the United States, without previ- 
ous arrangement with the owners, and for a fair equiva- 
lent. 

'' 8. Absolute freedom of religious worship and cere- 
monies is solemnly guaranteed." 

At the surrender on the 27th, our army were drawn up 
in two lines, facing each other, and stretching more than a 
mile. The enemy left the city at ten o'clock, passed be- 
tween our lines, laid down their arms and colors and 
marched for the interior. General Worth superintended 
the evacuation and then entered the city. Our flag was 
erected over the Plaza and saluted by the guns of the citf 
and squadron. General Worth was appointed Militarj 
Governor. 



BATTLE OF SIERRA GORDA. 

General Twiggs' division of our army arrived, within 
three miles of the position of the enemy, April 1 1th, and 
General Patterson's on the 12th. On the 16th, we had 
six thousand men ready for action, while the enemy num- 
bered from eight to twelve thousand. They occupied 
a chain of works along the road, the nearest of which was 
about a mile and a quarter from General Scott's head- 
quarters. The road over which we had to pass, was bar- 
ricaded and cut up in every way to impede our progress. 
Beyond the first fortification there are several others com- 
pletely commanding the gorge, through which the road to 



»7g BATTLES OF MEXICO. 

Jalapa runs. There were twenty-four pieces of field ar- 
tillery besides about fourteen heavy cannon in position. 
The high and rocky ravine of the river protected their 
right flank and a series of abrupt and apparently impassa- 
ble mountains and ridges covered their left. A front at- 
tack, which the enemy expected on account of our bravery, 
must have been fatal to us. General Scott outwitted the 
One Leg and had a road cut to the right, so as to escape 
the front fire, and turn his position on the left flank. A 
deserter from our camp made this known to the enemy, 
and they sent General La Vega with a large force to aid 
the left flank. 

General Scott, on the 17th of April, to cover his flank 
movements, sent General Twiggs against the fort on the 
steep ascent in front, and a little to the left of the Sierra. 
This expedition was commanded by Colonel Harney, who 
carried the position under a heavy fire of grape and musket- 
ry. This was an important post gained, situated in front 
and near the enemy's strongest fortification. By great 
labor, one of our lai^e guns was placed upon the top of 
the fort, and blazed away at a strong fort in the rear •, but 
with little effect. 

April 18th, early in the morning, our army moved to 
the attack in columns. General Twiggs's division attack- 
ed the enemy's left and carried the breast works after a 
slight resistance, at the point of the bayonet, and com- 
pletely routed the enemy at that point. Pillow's brigade, 
accompanied by General Shields's, passed along the Jala- 
pa ror.d with rapidity, and took a position to stop the re- 
treat of the enemy. General Worth moved forward to- 
ward the left to aid Twiggs. Twiggs had steep and 
rough ground to pass over , was constantly exposed to 



BATTLES or MEXICO. 79 

the fire of the enemy in front and to the cross-fire of the 
forts and batteries. 

The fight was tremendous for a short time, and finally 
the enemy gave way on all sides. Three thousand men 
with field and other officers surrendered. A large amount 
of small arms, ordnance and batteries were taken. Six 
thousand of the enemy gained the rear of our army on the 
Jalapa road and were pursued. We lost two hundred and 
fifty killed and wounded, and among the latier was Gene- 
ral Shields. The Mexican loss was about one hundred 
more than ours, besides those taken prisoners. We cap- 
tured thirty pieces of cannon, much ammunition, and the 
private baggage and money chest of Santa Anna, contain- 
ing twenty thousand dollars. On the 19th, Jalapa, and 
on the 22d, Perote, were taken without opposition. 

Nothing prevented our men from being utterly destroyed 
but the steepness of the ascent under which they could 
shelter. But they sought no shelter, and onward rushed 
against a hailstorm of balls and musket-shot, led by tha 
gallant Harney, whose noble bearing elicited the applause 
of the whole army. His conspicuous and stalwart frame 
at the head of his brigade, his long arm waving his men 
on to the charge, his sturdy voice ringing above the clash 
of arms and din of conflict, attracted the attention and ad- 
miration alike of the enemy and of our own men. On, on, 
he led the columns, whose front lines melted before the 
enemy's fire like srMJW-flakes in a torrent, and staid not 
their course until leaping over the rocky barriers, and 
bayonetting their gunners, they drove the ^nemy pell mell 
from the fort, delivering a deadly fire into their ranks, from 
their own guns, as they hastily retired. 

General Scott, between whom and Colonel Harney 
there had existed some coolness, rode up to the colonel 



80 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 



after this achievement, and remarked to him — " Colonel 
Harney, I cannot now adequately express my admiration 
of your gallant achievement, but at the proper time I shall 
take great pleasure in thanking you in proper terms." 

It was here the enemy received their heaviest loss, and 
their General Vasquez was killed. A little after, General 
Worth, having, by great exertions, passed the steep and 
craggy heights on the enemy's left, summoned a strong 
fort in the rear of the Sierra to surrender. This fort was 
manned by a large force under General Pinzon, a mulatto 
officer of considerable ability and courage, who, seeing the 
J5ierra carried, thought prudent to surrender, which he did 
with all his force. General Shields was not so fortunate 
in the battery which he attacked, and which was com- 
manded by General la Vega. A heavy fire was opened 
on him, under which the fort was carried with some loss 
by the gallant Illinoisians, under Baker and Bennett, sup- 
ported by the New Yorkers, under Burnett. Among those 
'ft'ho fell under this fire was the gallant general, who re- 
ceived a grape-shot through his lungs, by which he was 
iiompletely paralyzed, and at the last account was in a 
lingering state. On the enemy's right. General Pillow 
commenced the attack against the strong forts near the 
river. The Tennesseeans, under Haskell, led the column, 
and the other volunteer regiments followed. This column 
unexpectedly encountered a heavy fire from a masked 
battery, by which Haskell's regiment was nearly cut to 
pieces, and the other volunteer regiments were severely 
handled. General Pillow withdrew his men, and was 
preparing for another attack, when the operations at the 
otlier points having proved successful, the enemy conclud- 
ed to surrender. Thus the victory was complete, and 
four generals, and about six thousand men, were taken 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 



81 



prisoners by our army. One of their principal generals 
and a large number of other officers killed. The Mexican 
force on this occasion certainly exceeded our own." 

In addition to the loss of the enemy in killed and taken 
they lost about thirty pieces of brass cannon, mostly of 
large calibre, manufactured at the royal foundry of Seville. 
A large quantity of fixed ammunition, of a very superior 
quality, together with the private i)aggage and money- 
chest of Santa Anna, containing twenty thousand dollars, 
was also captured. 

On the same day that the battle of Sierra Gordo was 
fought, a portion of the American Gulf Squadron, under 
Commodore Perry, captured the town of Tuspan, on thi-j 
Gulf. 

On the 19th, the city of Jalapa was captured by a de- 
tachment under General Twiggs ; and on the 22d, Gene- 
ral Worth entered the town of Perote. Both these cities 
were taken without opposition ; and in the latter were 
found immense stores of small arms, ammunition, and the 
large guns of the city and castle. 



BATTLE OF CHURUBUSCO. 

General Scott remained inactive for awhile before 
entering the capital, hoping to be re-enforced, his head- 
quarters being at Puebla, while the Mexicans, notwith- 
standing their repulses and severe losses, were busy in 
collecting another army and fortifying every entrance to 

Uie city. (p^r representation of this Bsttle, see cover.) 



82 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 

Aug. 8th, our army, having received a few re-enforce- 
rs ents, marched towards the capital, and reached Ayotla 
on vhe 12th, where there was a strong fortification called 
St. Pinon. It was reconnoitred and found to be very 
strong by nature and art. It was thought, that it would 
be hazardous to attack it, as was anticipated by the Mexi- 
caiis. Scott here again outwitted Santa Anna, for he 
found a road south of Lake Charles, opening into that from 
Vera Cruz, below Ayotla, which would enable our army 
to pass around the fort; but the march was a very difficult 
one, for heavy rains had filled the low places so that the 
soldiers were often obliged to wade. The steep and rug- 
ged heights were to be crossed : and the paths and gorges 
were filled with immense stones, which had been rolled 
in by the enemy. The men became weary during the 
day, and the nights were dark and wet, which added to 
their discouragements. 

On the 17th, our advance arrived at San Augustin, a 
small town about twelve miles south of the capital ; Gene- 
ral Worth led on his men to take possession of a hacienda 
near the fortification of San Antonio, for the purpose of 
attacking that place. They captured the village ; but 
Capt. Thornton was killed in taking a reconnoissance, from 
a heavy discharge of artillery by the enemy. One or two 
of our me*n were wounded. A squadron of artillery and a 
battalion of infantry were near the redoubt, hoping to 
make an attack in the afternoon, but a rain set in, and 
General Scott thought best to withdraw them. Had the 
batteries of the enemy opened with energy upon this de- 
tachment, it would probably have been obliged to retire 
or been cut to pieces ; but fortunately the guns were §i- 
lent all night. 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 



83 



During the night, the divisions of Pillow and Twiggs 
marched towards the strong works of Contreras, to be 
prepared for an assault in the morning. This was a very 
fatiguing march. The darkness of the night, the torrents 
of rain pouring down upon them, the wild roaring of the 
winds, the ridges from rocks of lava to pass over, the 
denseness of the brush v/ood, the swollen streams to cross, 
presented difficulties rarely surpassed. 

At eight the next morning, the batteries of the enemy 
opened upon the hacienda of San Antonio, where General 
Worth was posted. This cannonading was heavy. The 
air was shaken by the heavy explosions, while houses and 
even strong fortifications were shattered to pieces and fell 
in thundei'ing ruins, beneath the showers of shot and 
shells. Almost all of the streets were swept by bullets 
and large bombs which burst in the air, and hurled slugs, 
shot and fragments among our ranks, making sad havoc. 
But the Yankees were not frightened yet. They placed 
theroselves behind walls and buildings, and calmly, amid 
this scene of confusion, prepared for action. Soon the 
divisions of Pillow and Twiggs moved on towards Con- 
treras, arriving about one P. M. General P. F. Smith 
was ordered to march up in front of the enemy's works, 
and Colonel Riley, to move with rapidity . towards the 
right, gain the main road, and prevent any re-enforcements 
of the enemy. Smith dashed forward under a tremendous 
fire and secured a good position for his artillery. Every 
battery and gun on both sides roared away with horrible 
sublimity, and actually shook the ground for miles around, 
and their reverberations rolled with grandeur along the 
lofty ridges of the mountains. The few guns of our ad- 
vanced battery were soon .silenced, and General Pierce 
proceeded to the relief of General Smith. 



84 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 



At this time, large re-enforcements of the enemy ap- 
proached Contreras, and General Cadwallader hastened to 
re-enforce Riley. The contest was now terrific. Neither 
army would yield an inch of ground. 

At four o'clock, General Scott passed along the lines, 
and was welcomed by an enthusiastic shout. Perceiving 
the immense strength of the enemy, he ordered General 
Shields to re-enforce Riley and Cadwallader, and strength- 
en our army in front of the enemy. Now the battle ragea 
nigher still, and hundreds fell to rise no more. This dread- 
ful carnage was kept up for six hours, when the darkness 
of night closed the scene, and the cannons ceased their 
roar. Our men were disappointed, as they expected by 
that time to have been in the " Halls of the Montezumas." 
They were obliged to lie upon the cold, wet ground, with- 
out blankets, to rest for the night. 

At eio:ht o'clock in the evening, General Scott retired 
to San Augustin, and Twiggs and Pillow went at eleven. 

Scott and Worth set out for Contreras early the next 
mornins:. Firing: was heard, and soon a messencjer came, 
saying that General Worth had carried the whole line of 
fortifications at Contreras. He planned and executed the 
undertaking in a skilful manner and with little loss. He 
took fifteen hundred of the enemy prisoners, including 
Generals Salas, Blanco, Garcia and Mendoza. He also 
captured an immense amount of ammunition and camp 
equipage, and fifteen pieces ol artillery, among them the 
two taken from Capt. O'Brien at Buena Vista ; seven 
hundred of the enemy were killed and many more 
wounded. 

General Scott now sent General Worth to attack San 
Antonio, while he with a force would go in its rear. The 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. ♦ 86 

soldiers passed over the battle-field of the previous day, 
and the scene which was presented was enough to make 
the hardy soldier shudder and feel sick in view of the 
horrors of war. Hundreds lay covered with blood, stiff 
and cold in death, while others were uttering piteous 
groans and begged for water. The streams actually run 
with human blood. What a shocking scene ! How sur- 
prising that nations will thus imbue their hands in each 
other's blood ! 

When the force reached San Pablo, another action com- 
menced, and at the same time Worth's cannon were heard 
roaring away at Churubusco. The flower of both armies 
were now engaged in terrible combat. The rattling of the 
musketry, the clash of arms, and the deafening roar of the 
cannon and the groans of the dying, made the scene truly 
awful ! 

Scott was in the midst of danger encouraging his men, 
while Worth and Twiggs were cheering their soldiers on. 
Thus, one of the severest conflicts ever witnessed on this 
continent, raged with increasing power for two hours. 
Finally our forces gained full possession of all the works, 
and the endmy fled in dismay to the city. Worth follow- 
ed them almost to the gates. 

The next morning, a detachment of our men entered 
Cliapultepec without opposition. 

Soon after this, Santa Anna sent flags, proposing a sus- 
pension 01 hostilities. Negotiations took place, and t^ie 
following armistice was adopted, August 20th : 

THE ARMISTICE. 

The undersigned, appointed respectively, the first three 
by Major-general Winfield Scott, commander-in-chief of 



g5 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 

the armies of the United States, and the IrtSt two b)-- his 
Excellency D. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, President 
of the Mexican Republic, and commander-in-chief of its 
armies, met with full powers, which were fully verified in 
the village of Tucubaya, on the 23d day of August, 1847, 
to enter into an armistice for the purpose of giving the 
Mexican- government an opportunity of receiving proposi- 
tions ^of peace from the commissioners appointed by the 
President of the United States, and now with the Am«ri- 
can army ; when the following articles were agreed upon : 
Art. 1. Hostilities shall instantly and absolutely cease 
between the armies of the United States of America and 
the United Mexican States, within thirty leagues of the 
capital of the latter States, to allow time to the commission- 
ers appointed by the United States and the commissioners 
lobe appointed by the Mexican Republic to negotiate. 

2. The armistice shall continue as long as the commis- 
sioners of the two governments may be engaged on nego- 
tiations, or until the commander of either of the said armies 
shall give formal notice to the other of the cessation of the 
armistice for forty-eight hours after such notice. 

3. In the mean time, neither army shall, within thirty 
leagues of the city of Mexico, commence any new for- 
tification or military work of offence or defence, or do any 
thing to enlarge or strengthen any existing work or for- 
tification of that character within the said limits. 

4. Neither army shall be reinforced within the same. 
Any. reinforcements in troops or munitions of war, other 
than subsistence now approaching either army, shall be 
stopped at the distance of twenty-eight leagues from the 
city of Mexico. 

5. Neither army, nor any detachment from it, shall -ad- 
vance beyond the line it at present occupieis. 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 87 

6. Neither army, nor any detachment or indivic/ual of 
either, shall pass the neutral limits established by the last 
article, except under a flag of truce bearing the correspond- 
ence between tfie two armies, or on the business author- 
ized by the next article ; and individuals of either army, 
who may chance to straggle wdthin the neutral limits, shall, 
by the opposite party, be kindly warned off, or sent back 
to their own armies under flags of truce. 

7. The American army shall not, by violence, obstruct 
me passage from the open country into the city of Mexico, 
of the ordinary supplies of food necessary to the consump- 
tion of its inhabitants, or the Mexican army within the 
city ; nor shall the Mexican authorities, civil or military, 
do any act to obstruct the passage of supplies from the 
city or country, needed by the American army. 

8. All American prisoners of war remaining in the hands 
of the Mexican army, and not heretofore exchanged, shall 
immediately, or as soon as practicable, be restored to the 
American army, against a like number, having regard to 
rank, of Mexican prisoners captured by the American 
army. 

9. Ail American citizens who were established in the 
city of Mexico prior to the existing war, and who have 
since been expelled from that city, shall be allowed to 
return to their respective business or families therein, with- 
out delay or molestation. 

10. The better to enable the belligerent armies to exe- 
cute these articles, and to favor the great object of peace, 
it is further agreed between the parties, that any courier 
with despatches that either army shall desire to send along 
the line from the city of Mexico or its vicinity, to and from 
Vera Cruz, shall receive a safe conduct from the com- 
mander of the opposing army. 



og BATTLES OF MEXICO. 

11. The administration of justice between Mexicans, 
according to the general and state constitutions and laws, 
by the local authorities of the towns and places occupied 
l)y the American forces, shall not be obstructed in any 
manner. , 

12. Persons and property shall be respected in the 
towns and places occupied by the American forces. No 
person shall be molested in the exercise of his profession; 
Bor shall the services of any one be required without his 
consent. In all cases where services are voluntarily ren- 
dered, a just price shall be paid, and trade remain unmo- 
lested. 

13. Those wounded prisoners who may desire to remove 
to some more convenient place, for the purpose of being 
cured of their wounds, shall be allowed to do so without 
molestation, they still remaining prisoners. 

14. The Mexican medical officers who may wish to 
attend the wounded shall have the privilege of doing so, 
if their services be required. 

15. For the more perfect execution of this agreement, 
two commissioners shall be appointed, one by each party, 
who, in case of disagreement, shall appoint a third. 

16. This convention shall have no force or effect, unless 
approved by their excellencies, the commanders respec- 
tively of the two armies, within twenty-four hours, reckon- 
ing from the sixth hour of the 23d day of August, 1847. 

A. Quitman, Maj. Gen. U. S. A. 
Persifor F. Smith, Brig. Gen. 
Franklin Pierce, Brig. Gen. U. S» Ji* 
Ignacio de Mara y Villamil. 
Benito QuuANa. 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 



89 



It is believed that the whole force of the Mexicans, in 
these brilliant engagements, was about thirty-two- thou- 
sand men. They lost between five and six thousand, in- 
cluding t^'jieen generals and forty-five pieces of cannon. 
Our army consisted of seven thousand, eleven hundred of 
whom were killed or wounded. What a terrible slaugh- 
ter ! 

After the armistice was agreed upon, various meetings 
took place between Mr. Trist, the American minister, and 
Mexican Commissioners, and endeavors were made to ef- 
fect a treaty of peace, until September 2d, when Trist 
handed in his ultimatum in reference to the boundary line, 
and the Commissioners were to meet again on the 16th. 

Some infractions of the truce were made by the enemy, 
in reference to our supplies from the city ; but the Mexi- 
cans apologized. 

It appears that as soon as the propositions of Trist were 
considered in a grand council of ministers and others., 
Santa Anna, on the 4th and 5th., without giving any no- 
tice to General Scott, commenced again fortifying the 
city, directly in opposition to the armistice. Scott imme- 
diately sent him a note, which was answered in a false 
and impudent manner. 

Our arrangements were delayed more than two weeks 
by the armistice. It is probable that Santa Anna only 
entered into it for the purpose of gaining time. 



90 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 



BATTLE OF MEXICO. 



Sept. Vth, General Scott began to reconnu: .e the dif- 
ferent approaches to the city within his reach. In the 
afternoon, a large body of the enemy were seen 
around the Molinos del Rey (Mills), about a mile and a 
third from Tucubaya, the head-quarters of our army. 
These mills were repositories of ammunition, and there 
was a foundry there for casting cannon. There was a 
formidable castle in the hands of the enemy on the heights 
of Chapultepec, between the mills and the gates of the 
capital. There w^ere eight city gates strongly fortified. 
It was impossible to stop communication between the 
mills and the capital, without first taking the castle. Pre- 
paratory to storming it, it was thought best to capture the 
mills. Accordingly, on the 8th, General Worth's divi- 
sion, re-enforced by Cadwallader's brigade, Pillow's divi- 
sion, three squadrons of dragoons under Major Sumner, 
and some heavy guns of the siege train under Capt. Hu- 
ger of the ordnance, and Capt. Drum of the 7th artillery, 
undertook the enterprise. They moved towards the ene- 
my and soon met them. There was much energy mani- 
fested on both sides. The enemy several times were re- 
enforced, and the action becoming much more general 
than was expected, General Scott called to our aid from 
the distance of three miles, Gen. Pillow, with his remain- 
ing brigade (Pierce's), and then Riley's brigade of Twiggs' 
division. These forces approached with great rapidity ; 
but the victory was won just as General Pierce reached 
the ground and placed his command between Worth's di- 
vision and the retreating enemy. Thus again were our 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 91 

forces victorious. Various daring reconnoisances now 
tookplajce, of the castle and approaches to th» city. The 
latter stands on a slight swell of ground, near the centre 
of an irregular basin, and is girdled with a ditch in its 
greater extent — a navigable canal of great breadth and 
depth — very difficult to bridge, in the presence of an ene- 
my, having eight entrenches or gates, over arches — each 
of which was defended by a system of strong works that 
seemed to require nothing but some men and guns to be 
impregnable. 

Outside and withiu the cross-fire of those gates, to the 
south, are other ob^cles but little less formidable. All 
approaches near the city w'ere over elevated causeways, 
cut in many places (to oppose us) and flanked on both 
sides, by ditches also of unusual dimensions. The nume- 
rous cross-roads were flanked, in like manner, having 
bridges at the intersections, recently broken. The mead- 
ows thus checked, were, moreover, in many spots, under 
water or marshy. 

After close observation, it was decided, on the llth, to 
move round to the south-west and w^est part of the capital, 
believing that the approaches would present less formida- 
ble obstacles. Accordingly, -Scott ordered Quitman's di- 
vision from Coyoacan, to join Pillow hy daylight^ before 
the southern gates, and that they should hy night.) proceed 
(two miles) to join Scott at Tucubaya, where he was quar- 
tered with Worth's division. Twiggs, with Riley's brigade* 
and Captains Taylor's and Steptoe's field batteries — the 
latter 12Tpounders — was left in front of tho§e gates — to 
manoeuvre, to threaten, or to make false attacks, in order 
.to occupy and deceive the enemy. Twiggs' other brigade 
(Smith's) was left at supporting distance, in the rear, at 



92 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 



San Angel, till the morning of the ISth, and also to sup- 
port our general 'depot at Miscoaque. The stratagem 
against the south was admirably executed throughout the 
12th, and (lown to the afternoon of the 13th, when it was 
too late for the enemy to recover from the effects of his 
delusion. 

The first step in the new movement was to carry the 
Castle of Chapultepec. Besides a numerous garrison, 
here was the military college of the Republic with a large 
number of sub-lieutenants and other students. Those 
works were within direct gun-shot of , the village of Tucu- 
haya, and until carried, we could notllpproach the cityoii 
the w'est without making a circuit too wide and too haz- 
ardous. 

During the same night (that of the 11th) heavy batteries 
were established. No. 1, on the right, under the com- 
mand of Capt. Drum, 4th artillery (relieved late next day, ' 
for some hours, by Lieut. Andrews of the 3d), and No. 2, 
commanded by Lieut. Huger, ordnance — both supported 
by Quitman's division. Nos. 3 and 4, on the opposite side, 
supported by Pillow's division, were commanded, the for- 
mer by Capt. Brooks and Lieut. S. S. Anderson, 2d artil- 
lery, alternately, and the latter by Lieut. Stone, ordnance. 

The bombardment and cannonade, under the direction 
of Capt. Huger, were commenced early in the morning of 
the 12th, and before night a good impression had been 
made on the castle and its outworks. 

Pillow and Quitman had been in position since early in 
the night of the 11th. In the morning. Worth was order- 
ed to hold his division in reserve, near the foundry, to 
support Pillow ; and Brigadier General Smith, of Twiggs' 
division, had just arrived with his brigade, from Piedad, 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. g^ 

[2 milesj to support Quitman. Twiggs' guns, before the 
southern gates, again reminded us, as the day before, that 
he, with Riley's brigade, and Taylor's and Steptoe's bat- 
teries, was in activity, threatening the southern gates, and 
there holding a great* part of the Mexican army on the de- 
fensive. 

Worth's division furnished Pillow's attack with an 
assaulting party of some 250 volunteer officers and men, 
under Capt. McKenzie, of the 2d artillery, and Twiggs' di- 
vision supplied a similar one, commanded by Captain 
Casey, 2d infantry, to Quitman. Each of those little 
columns was furnished with scaling ladders. 

The signal for the attack was to be the momentary ces- 
sation of fire on the part of our heavy batteries. About 
8 o'clock A. M., of the 13th, Scott sent to Pillow and 
Quitman, with notice that the concerted signal was about 
to be given. 

Both columns now advanced. The batteries threw shots 
and shells upon the enemy over the heads of our men, with 
good effect. 

Major General Pillow's approach, on the west side, lay 
through an open grove, filled with sharp shooters, who 
were speedily dislodged ; when, being up hill with the front 
of the attack, and emerging into open space, at the foot of 
a rocky acclivity, that gallant leader was struck down by 
an agonizing wound. 

The immediate command devolved on General Cadwal- 
lader. On a previous call of Pillow, Worth had just sent 
him a reinforcement. Col. Clark's brigade. 

The broken declivity was still to be ascended and a 
strong redoubt midway to be carried, before reaching the 
castle on the heights. The advance of our men^ though 



94 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 

necessarily slow, was unwavering, over rocks, chasms and 
mines, and under the hottest fire of cannon and muskstry. 

The enemy were steadily driven from shelter to shelter. 
— The retreat allowed not time to fire a single mine, with- 
out the certainty of blowing up friefid and foe. Those, 
who, at a distance, attempted to apply matches to the long 
trains were shot down by our men. 

' There was death below as well as above ground. At 
length the ditch and wall of the main work were reached ; 
the scaling ladders were brought up and planted by the 
;«torming parties; some of the daring spirits first in the 
assault were cast 'down — killed or wounded ; but a lodg- 
ment was soon made ; streams of heroes followed ; all 
<i)pposition was overcome, and several of our regimental 
ii;olors fiung out from the upper walls, amidst long-con- 
tinued shouts and cheers, which sent dismay into the capi- 
tal. No scene could have been more animating. 

General Quitman, supported by Generals Shields and 
Smith, [P. F.] his other officers and men, was up with the 
)^>art assigned him. Simultaneously with the movement 
i.'m, the west, he approached the southeast of the same 
works over a causeway with cuts and batteries, and de- 
fended by an army strongly posted outside, to the east of 
the works. Those formidable obstacles Quitman had to 
face, v;ith but little shelter for his troops or space for man- 
oeuvring. Deep ditches, flanking the causeway, made 
it difficult to cross on eith^ side into the adjoining mead- 
ows, and these again v/ere intersected by other ditches. 
Smith and his brigade made a sweep to the right, in order 
to present a front against the -enemy's line (outside), and 
to turn into intervening batteries, near the foot of Chapul- 
tepee. This movement was also intended to support 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 95 

Quitman's storming parties, both on the causeway. The 
first of these, furnished by Twiggs' division, was cbm- 
tnanded in succession by Capt. Casey, 2d infantry, and 
Capt. Paul, 7th infantry, after Casey had been severely 
wounded ; and the second, under Major Twiggs, marine 
corps, killed, and then Capt. Miller, 2d Pennsylvania vo- 
lunteers. The storming party, now commanded by Capt. 
Paul, seconded by Captain Roberts of the rifles, Lieut. 
Stewart, and others of the same regimeiit, Smith's brigade, 
carried the two batteries in the road, took some guns, with 
many prisoners, and drove the enemy posted behind in 
support. The New York and South Carolina volunteers 
(Shields' brigade) and the 2d Pennsylvania volunteers, all 
on the left of Quitman's line, together with portions of hi?, 
storming parties, crossed the meadows in front, under a 
heavy fire, and entered the outer enclosure of Chapultepec, 
just in time to join in the final assault from the west. 

Generals Pillow, Quitman, Shields, Smith, and Cadwal. 
lader, distinguished themselves in these brilliant operations. 
Also Colonel Andrews, Lieut. Col. Johnstone, Major 
Caldwell. Captains Barnard and Biddle. 

These operations all occurred on the west, southeast, 
and heights of Chapultepec. To the north, and at tho 
base of the mound, inaccessible on that side, the 11th in- 
fantry, under Lieut. Col. Hebert, the 14th, under Col. 
Trousdale, and Capt. Magruder's field battery, 1st artillery 
— one section advanced under Lieut. Jackson all of Pil- 
low's division — had, at the same time, some spirited. affairs 
against superior numbers, driving the enemy from a battery 
in the road, and capturing a gun. Col. Trousdale, the 
commander, though twice wounded, continued on duty 
until the heights were carried. 



Q^ BATTLES OF MVXICO. 

Early in the morning of the 13th, Scott ordered Worth 
to support the movement of Pillow from our left. The 
latter soon called for that entire division, standing momen- 
tarily in reserve, and Worth sent him Col. Clark's brigade. 
The enemy in the road in front of Quitman's right, was 
receiving reinforcements from the city — less than a mile 
and a half to the east — and Worth, on our opposite flank, 
was ordered to return to Chapultepec with his division, and 
to proceed cautiously by the road at its northern base, in 
order, if not met by very superior numbers, to threaten or 
to attack, in rear, that body of the enemy. 

Worth promptly advanced with his remaining brigade 
—Col. Garland's— Lieut. Col. C. F. Smith's light batta- 
lion, Lieut. Col. Duncan's squadrons of dragoons, under 
Major Sumner. 

Having turned the forest on the west, and arriving op- 
posite to the north centre of Chapultepec, Worth came up 
with the troops in the road, under Col. Trousdale, and 
aided by a fiank movement of a part of Garland's brigade 
in taking the one-gun breastwork, then under the fire of 
Lieut. Jackson's section of Captain Magruder's field bat- 
tery. Continuing to advance, this division passed Cha- 
pultepec, attacking the right of the enemy's line, resting 
on that road, about the moment of the general retreat con- 
sequent upon the capture of the formidable castle and its 
outworks. 

There are two routes from Chapultepec to the capital — 
the one on the right entering the same gate, Belen, with 
the road from the south, via Piedad ; and the other ob- 
liquing to intersect the great western, or San Cosme road, 
in a suburb outside of the gate of San Cosme. 

Each of these routes (an elevated causeway) presents 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 97 

a rlouble roadway on the sides of an aqueduct of strong 
masonry, and great height, resting on open arches and 
massive pillars, which, together, afford fine points both 
for attack and defence. The sideways of both aqueducts 
are, moreover, defended by many strong breastworks at 
the gates, and before reaching them. 

Worth and Quitman were prompt in pursuing the re- 
treating enemy — the former by the San Cosme aqueduct, 
and the latter along that of Belen. Each had now ad- 
vanced some hundred yards. The enemy fled in dismay. 

Scott now despatched from Chapultepec — first Clarke's 
brigade, and then Cadwallader's, to the support of Worth, 
and gave orders that the necessary heavy guns should 
follow. Pierce's brigade was, at the same time, sent to 
Quitman, and, in the course of the afternoon, some ad- 
ditional siege pieces were added to his train. Scott 
joined the advance of Worth, within the suburb, and. 
beyond the turn at the junction of the aqueduct with the 
great highway from the west, to the gate of San Cosme. 

At this junction of roads, we first passed one of those 
formidable systems of city defences spoken of above, and 
it had not a gun ! 

Within those disgarnished works our troops were en- 
gaged in a street fight against the enemy posted in gardens, 
at windows, and on house-tops — all flat, with parapets. 
Worth ordered forward the mountain howitzers of Cad- 
wallader's brigade, preceded by skirmishers and pioneers, 
wuth pickaxes and crowbars, to force windows and doors, 
and burrow through walls. The assailants were soon in 
an equality of position fatal to the enemy. By 8 o'clock 
in the evening Worth had carried two batteries in this 
suburb. He here posted guards and sentinels, and placed 



98 -/ BATTLES OF MEXICO. 

his troops under shelter for the night. There was but 
one more obstacle — the San Cosme gate (custom house) — 
between him and the great square in front of the cathedral 
and palace — the heart of the city ; and that barrier, it was 
known, could not, by daylight, resist our siege guns thirty 
minutes. 

Scott had gone back to the foot of Chapultepec, the 
point from which the two aqueducts begin to diverge, some 
Ittours earlier, in order to be near that new depot, and in 
easy communication with Quitman and Twiggs, as well as 
with Worth. 

General Scott ordered all detachments and stragglers to 
their respective corps, then in advance ; sent to Quitman 
additional siege guns, ammunition, entrenching tools ; di- 
rected Twiggs' remaining brigade (Riley's) from Piedad, 
to support Worth, and Captain Steptoe's field battery, 
also at Piedad, to rejoin Quitman's division. 

Quitman, supported by Shields and Smith — Shields 
badly wounded at Chapultepec and refusing to retire — as 
well as by all the officers and men of the column — con- 
tinued to press forward under flank and direct fires ; car- 
ried an intermediate battery of two guns- and then the 
Belen or South- Western gate, before two o'clock in the 
afternoon, but not without severe loss, increased by his 
steady maintenance of that position. 

Here, of the heavy battery — Capt. Drum and Lieut. 
Benjamin were mortally wounded, and Lieut Porter, its 
third in rank, slightly. Lieuts. J. B. Moragne and Wm. 
Canty, of the South Carolina volunteers, also of high merit, 
fell on the same occasion — besides many of our bravest 
non-commissioned officers and men. 

Quitman, within the city — adding several new defences 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 



99 



to the position he had won, and sheltering his corps as 
well as practicable— ;^iow awaited the return of daylight, 
under the guns of the formidable citadel yet to be sub- 
dued. 

At about four o'clock next morning (Sept. 14), a depu- 
tation of the ayuntamiento (city council) waited on Gene- 
ral Scott to report that the federal government and the 
army of Mexico had fled from the capital some three hours 
before, and to demand terms of capitulation in favor of the 
church, the citizens, and the municipal authorities. Scott 
promptly replied that he would sign no capitulation ; that 
the city had been virtually in our possession from the 
time of the lodgments effected by Worth and Quitman 
the day before ; that he regretted the silent escape of the 
Mexican army ; that he should levy upon the city a mo- 
derate contribution, for special purposes ; and that the 
American army should come under no terms, not self- 
imposed — such only as its own honor, the dignity of the 
United States, and the spirit of the age should, in his 
opinion, imperiously demand and impose. 

At the termination of the interview with the city .depu- 
tation, Wortli and Quitman were ordered to advance slowly 
and cautiously (to guard against treachery) towards the 
heart of the city, and to occupy its stronger and more 
commanding points. Quitman proceeded to the great 
plaza or square, planted guards, and hoisted the colors of 
the United States on the national palace, containing the 
halls of Congress and executive apartments of federal 
Mexico. 

Soon after we entered, and were in the act of occupying 
the city, a fire was opened upon us from the flat roofs of 
the houses, from windows and corners of streets, by 



100 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 

some 2,000 convicts, liberated the night before by the fly- 
ing government — joined by, perhaps, as many more sol- 
diers, who had disbanded themselves anfl thrown off their 
uniforms. This unlawful war lasted for more than twenty- 
four hours, in spite of the exertions of the municipal author- 
ities, and was not put down till we had lost many men, in- 
cluding several officers, killed or wounded, and had punish- 
ed the miscreants. 



BATTLE OF HUAMANTLA. 

After tne brilliant achievements of the American forces 
in and around the city of Mexico, there was little to do ex- 
cepting to clear the great thoroughfares of the multitudes of 
guerillas that infested them. Some sharp engagements oc- 
curred between Mexico and Vera Cruz before these bodies 
of robbers could be dispersed. One of these battles took 
place at the town of Huamantla. 

Gen. Lane having arrived at Perote, early in October, 
was there joined by Capt. Walker and his command ; both 
advanced together on the Puebla road till they reached the 
town of Dreyes, at which place Capt. Walker, by order of 
the commanding General, took up his line of march to 
Huamantla, by way of the tow n of San Francisco and 
Guapastla. On his arrival at Huamantla, a sanguinary en- 
gagement took place in the streets, between the force of 
Capt. Walker, consisting of 250 men, and that of the Mexi- 
cans numbering 1,600. 

The result of this contest was the total expulsion of the 
enemy from the town, and its occupation by our valiant lit- 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 101 

tie army, which lost in the battle'only six men. But the gal- 
lant Walker, after, performing prodigies of valor, and feats 
of the most daring character, fell in single combat, pierced 
by the spear of an enraged^father who was goaded to actual 
frenzy by the death of his son, whose fall by the arm of 
Captain Walker he had just witnessed. The father rushed 
forward, heedless of all danger, to revenge his child's death, 
and attacking the Captain with almost irresistible violence, 
plunged his spear into his body and slew him almost in- 
stantly. In this engagement the Mexicans lost 200 men 
and three pieces of artillery. The latter were thrown into 
a gully adjoining the town, by the victors. At the battle 
of Huamantla an interesting struggle occurred between the 
Indiana Volunteers and a detachment of the 1st Pennsylva- 
nia Regiment, as to who should first reach town and plant 
the American Flag on the walls. Lieutenant:Beany and 
Private Stebbes, of Pennsylvania, were successful. 

After the achievement of their object, which was the 
dispersion of the enemy, for which they were despatched to 
Huamantla, the Americans evacuated the place and directed 
their course to Pinal, on the Puebla road, which they reach- 
ed without any opposition. There meeting with Gen. Lane, 
the combined American force continued its march upon 
Puebla. 

They found''this city in a state of insurrection, and accor- 
dingly entered it in platoons — delivering at every step a 
constant and well-directed fire of musketry, which ceased 
not till the enemy retired, and order Jiad been restored in 
every quarter. 

Gen. Rea, of whom we heard so much, lately, fled with 
400 guerillas towards AtHxco. 

General Santa Anna was at Tehuacan de las Grenadas, 
having been deserted by all his followers, with the excep- 
tion of 200. 



BATTLE OF ATLIXCO. 
Gen. Lane, with a considerable detachment, after a forced 



102 .."'battles of MEXICO. 

march from Perote, ten leagues distant, reached the vicini- 
ty of Athxco on the evening of October l9th ; and after 
fighting his way through the forces of , Gen, Rea, to a sum- 
mit overlooking the town, lie there posted his artillery, and 
for three quarters of an hour threw shot and shells into the 
" most thickly populated parts,'' the bright light of the moon 
enabling the practised gunners to fire with terrific effect. 
The crash of the walls androofs of the houses, when struck 
by our shot and shells, was mingled with the roar of artil- 
lery. Two hundred and nineteen Mexicans were killed, 
and three hundred wounded, while our own loss was only 
one killed and one wounded. It was thought necessary to 
strike these people with terror, because their city had been 
the refuge and headquarters of guerillas, whence many an 
expedition had issued against our troops. 



EXPEDITION TO TEHUACAN, 

NARROW ESCAPE OF SANTA ANNA. 

The detachment, consisting of 350 men and officers, un- 
der the command of Gen. Lane, left Mexico on the 18th of 
January. Maj. Polk, Col. Hays and Capt. Crittenden, ac- 
companied it. Passing Chalco and Rio Frio, the band, 
took a circuitous route to Puebla, where it arrived on the 
21st. 

Leaving Puebla at dark the same day, the company took 
the road to Vera Cruz as far as Amazoque, where General 
Lane took a road entirely unknown to any one but himself 
and the guide. It was little better than a mule path over rocky 
hills, and after a forty mile march, the troops arrived next 
morning at the hacienda of Santa Clara. They were then 
informed that their object was to take Santa Anna, who 
was then at Tehuacan, distant forty miles, with 150 men. 
In order that the Mexican chieftain might not obtain infor- 
mation of the presence of our troops in this section of the 
country, the General ordered every Mexican in the hacienda, 



BATTLES OF MEXICO 103 

and ever}' one found on the road during the day, to be ar- 
rested and kept close until they left in the evening-. 

After leaving the hacienda at dark, they came upon a 
party of mounted Mexicans, with a carriage whose occu- 
pant bore a passport from General Smith to travel to Oriza- 
ba. He was permitted to pass, witli his attendants. 

At dawn our army w^ere within half a mile of Tehuacan. 
The reportlDf a solitary gun of the enemy, gave hope that 
the bird was about to be caged. Our dragoons and riflemen 
dashed to the right and left, closing every outlet ; while the 
rangers, with cocked revolvers, galoped toward the Plaza to 
secure their prey : but their amazement and mortification 
may be imagined, when they learned that, two hours be- 
fore, the object of their search had fled to Oajaca, with 
sevent3'-five men. With chagrin, they also learned, that 
the Mexican, whose coach was stopped the evening before, 
had despatched a messenger across the mountain, to in- 
form Santa Anna, that the American troops were on the 
road, with the probable intention of making him prisoner. 
Had it not been for this treachery, the surprise would have 
been complete. 



OCCUPATION OF ORIZABA. 

Leaving Tehuacan, on the 23d, the troops, after a rough 
march of several miles, came down, Feb. 26, 1848, into the 
valley of Orizaba. On arriving at the gates of the city, the 
authorities delivered up the keys ; and on entering, they dis- 
covered a white flag, at the window of every house, and 
found the entire population assembled to w^itness their en- 
try, with apparent satisfaction. 

The inhabitants of the neighboring city of Cordova, sent 
a deputation requesting its occupation by the American 
Army. 

Nothing of importance occurred afterwards, until Feb. 2d, 
1848, when the Treaty of Peace was signed by the Amer- 
ican and Mexican governmens. 



204 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 

NAMES OF THE KILLED, WOUNDED, AND MISSING, 

O'/i the part of the American Army, in the storming of Monterey, on the 2\st, 
and subsequent engagements on the QQd and 23d of September, 1846. 



GEN. TWIGGS' DIVISION. 



Lt Col Wm H Watson 

Capt L N Morris 

Capt G P Field 

BTt Major P N Barbour 

1st Lt and Adj C Hoskins 

1st Lieut J C Terrett 

1st Ltaiid Adj D S Irwin 

2d Lt R'-Haslett 

Bvt 1st Lieut J S Woods 

BTt 2d Lieut R Dilworth 

1st Sergt George Waitnian 

John Eagle 

liovel Gregory 

Henry Snower 

Sergt T J Rabb 

W Patrick 

J Newman 

C Torskay 

J young 



Maj W W Lear 

Capt H Bainbridge 

UtI Maj J .1 Abercrombie 

Bvt Maj J F H Mansfield 

Capt W G Williams 

Capt J H Lemott 

1st Lieut R H Graham 

Sergt Philip Swartout 

John Edwards 

William P Holsehea 

John Lee 

Miehael McCarthy 

Theodore Frickeu 

Bendt Nelson 

Bartholomew Stokes 

Corpl George Wolf 

S D Coal 

Thomas Heuson 

William Gilmore 

John McCarthy 

M Rielly 

Corpl W R Goed 

Austin Clark 

P E Holcomb 

Thomas Wajan, musician 

Ser;;t G Brownley 

Emit Hadduck 

D Maloney 

J Hogaa 

P White 

C lohle 

N Farky 

C LeBli« 



KILLED. 

Sergt Wm Brotrn 
Wm Mickle 
J Harper 
C K Brown 
J Stubert 
Edgar Lavalette 
Edward Rielly 
Corpl Benjamin Bradt 
Thomas Salsbury 
Henry Conline 
Edward Carey 
Allen J Vanceal 
Michael McGouth 
John Weeks 
James S Doble 
Peter Andrews 
Peter Judge 
James C Pennington 
Martin Enwul 

WOUNDED 

D Preslie 

J D Ritters 

W H McDonne 

lecha B Tucker 

M Tyler 

Joseph Morris 

W Mullen 

W Rooke 

J Treel 

D Boyle 

T Glair 

Wm H Bowden 

J Mansfield 

C Adams 

Edward Astin 

James Calbonn 

J Kerns 

M Regan 

I-i Sours 

David Poltsdaner 

G E Radwell 

Thomas CBryen 

Sergt Geori^e W Anderson 
" Robert Sanders 
" Thomas Mannigan 
" James Ryan 

Corpl Thomas Hyam 
" James Wyley 
'■ Daniel McDonnell 
" William Albison 
" Matthew McCormick 

WilUam TayUr 

£ Henderson 



Thomas W Gibson 
Thomas ^rkins 
Lawsou Sroart 
Joseph Wolf 
George Beck 
Richard Bunchan 
H K Brown 
J Carroll 
Marcus French 
John Savage 
Micah Hatch 
William Raymond 
Corpl Francis Sheridan 
Ist Sergt John Tmaoott 
Serftt G A Herring 
Alexander Ramsey 
Joseph Worry 
Patrick O'Brien 



William Holborn 

William Petty 

Wiiliain Johnson 

John HiU 

E Barnum 

Robert Halden 

William A Jones 

James Myers 

Aaron Wriggle 

Andrew Smith 

Williain C Jones 

John Maguire 

John McDuffy 

Ist Sergt John Banks 
" Patrick MylM 
'' E Bessie 
" T H Haller 
" John Tig&rt 
" E Garrer 

Corpl Denton Connor 
Robert Aikens 
Augustus Lapple 

C Smith, musician 

William McCarty 

Patrick Neel« 

John Saunders 

William Norlin 

Robert E Wooley 

Jrmes Crawley 

H Duchart 

Francis Faulkner 

A Ryan 

Jolin Wilson 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 



105 



Jacob Smidt 

Charles Ratcliffe 

James Delany 

H Schrieder 

John Gallagher 

Levi Smith 

Peter M Cabe 

iBt Sergt W 1 : walson 



E Gromley 



Robert Caplea 
James Piles 
Albert Hart 
William Lee 
Jacob Hemming 
George Aunuld 
Charles Peck 
Andrew J N orris 

MISSING 



George Allen 
James Hecry 
Harry Elting 
William KeUy 
H Gifford 
MelTin J Stone 
E W Stevenson 
William P Alexander 



Geo O'Brien 



GEN. BUTLER'S DIVISION.— OHIO REGIMENT. 



1st Lieut Matthew Hett 
l8t Sergt W G Davis 
D F Smith 
O B Coxe 
Elijah Reese 



Major Gen W O Butler 
Col A IM Mitchell 
Lt and Adj A W Armstrong 
1st Lieut Lewis Morter 

" N H Niles 
2d Lieut H McCarty 
Capt James George 
Samuel Myers 
Josiah A Keliara 
Edward Wade 
1st Sergt Wm Maloney 
John Farrell 
John Clarken 
William Work 



^ KILLED. 

Thomas McMurray 
Corpl W H Harris 
Richard Weish 
James McCockey 
George Phale 

WOUNDED, 

Thomas Vande Venter 
John Flannigan 
Jeremiah Ryan 
Michael Gilligan 
Tobias Went 
Charles Segar 
Griffin Lowerd 
Alfred Duuaghue 
Joseph Lombeek 
Silas Burrill 
Sergt William Miller 
Corpl G W Fitzhugh 
Robert Doney 



William Weber 
John Havolett 
T D Egan 
Stephen Freeman 
Osear Bebnee 



Adam F Shane 
John Fletcher 
A B McKee 
Corpl George Myer 
E J Spoole 
Henry Weber 
Henry Myer 
Sergt George Webster 

George Longfellow 
Corpl John F Longley 
John Pearson 
R H Alcott 
Henry Humphries 



TENNESSEE REGIMENT. 



Capt W B Allen 
2d Lieut S M Putnam 
John B Porter 
William H Robinson 
Sergt John A Hill 
B F Coffee 
E W Thomas 
Booker H Dolton 
Isaac Gurman Elliot 



Maj R B Alexander 
let Lt J L Shudder 

" G H Nixon 
2d Lt J C Allen 
Corpl F F Winston 
JL Bryant 



KILLED. 

Peter H Martin 
Edward Pryor 
Benjamin Soaper 
Henry Collins 
James H Allison 
James H Johnston 
James B Turner ' 

R D Willis 
Joseph B Burkitt 

WOUNDED 

Alexander Bigam 
D C Fleming 
Maokey Roney 
Samuel Davis 
James Thompson 
David Collins 



James M L Campbell 
A J Eaton 
A J Gibson 
Finlay Glover 
A J Pratt 
William Rhodes 
John W Sanders 
G W Wilson 



A S Duval 
T B PoweU 
William B Davis 
Joseph Law 
James York 
•William Youn^ 



l06 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 



Richard Gifford 
A V Stanfield 
Asa Lamb 
Corpl. J J Argo 
James Todd 
Thoraas Vickens 
W D Cabler 

1st Sergt. James M Vance 
Sergt. George W Gilbert 
Charles M Talley 
Michael Crantze 
R C Locke 
J F Raphile 
Thomas Kelly- 
Albert Tomlinson 
Corpl. Julius C Elliott 
R A Cole 
James H Jenkins 
A G Stewart 
Sergt. Gulinger Holt 
Corpl. James Patterson 



Felix Wordiincki 



Charles Arnold 

J J Blackwell 

Joseph Crutchfield 

J Freeman 

J D Gilmer 

P O Hale 

Daniel C King 

C B Maguire 

S S Reave.'? 

A W Reaves 

Augustin Stevens 

Thomas N t^mith 

C B Ward 

1st Sergt. Charles Davis 

Corpl. Robert W Greeu 

Eli Brown 

W F Bowen 

Peter Eu;jlcs 

Robert Fkinnigan 

William Lowery 

MISSING. 



S N Macey 
E G Zachary 
Corpl. W M Alfred 

" John H Kay 
A S Alexander 
M C Abin-i'"'- 
Jesse Bras., i 
J M Bailey 
Campbell G Boyd 
B L Commons 
J W Curtis 
H H Dadson 
John Gavin 
Aaron Parks 
F Richardson 
A O Richardson 
Thomas C Ramsay 
John Vining 
M D Watson 
Thomas Thompson 



R R Morehead 



MISSISSIPPI REGIMENT. 



L M Troear 
Silas Mitcham 
Samuel Potts 



Lieut. Col. Alexander R Mc- 

Clung 
Capt. R N Downing; 
1st Lieut. Henry T Cook 
lid Lieut. Rufus K Arthur 

" L T Howard 
llenry H Miller 
J H JacixSon 
A Lainhart 
J L Anderson 
G H Jones 

Corpl. John D Markham 
H B Thompson 
Bergt. E W HoUingsworth 
Dr. G W Ramsay 
Alphius (^obb 
George Wills 
W Huffman 



KILLED. 

Joseph H Tenelle 

Corpl. William H Grisam 

Joseph Heaton 

WOUNDED. 
O W Jones 
William Orr 
D Love 

Sergt. Joseph H Langford 
A P Bamhani 
H W Pierce 
William Shadt 
W H Fleming 
Jacob Frederick 
John Coleuian 
William P Spencer 
.M M Smith 
James Kilvey 
J Williamson 
A W Taig 
Warren White 
Robert Bowen 
Frederick Mathews 



Joseph Downing 
Daniel D Dubois 
John M Tyree 



Benjamin F Robertij 
Avery Noland 
Sergt Francis A Wolf 
C F Cotton 
George Williams 
Nathaniel Massie 
Sergt. William H Bell 
E ]g.Lewis 
D B Lewis 
Charles Martin 
James L Thompsoa 
John Stewart 
John McNorris 
R W Chance 
P W Johnson 
Robert Grigg 
Piatt Snedicor 



KENTUCKY REGIMENT. 

WOUNDED. 



Valentine Deutche 
Lewis Young 



Joseph Bartlett 
Philip Smith 



Thomas Ale»4er 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 



107 



GEN. WORTH'S DIVISION. 



Caot. II McKarett 
W'Rihl 
Cbarles Hamm 



Ist Lieut. N L Rossell 

Sergt. Maj. Brand 

McManus 

Grubb 

Schriveigman 

Bell 

Ingalls 

Grelan 

MoGuirk 

Hendricks 

Capt. Capt. R C Gatliu 

2d Lieut. J H Potter 

Ser^. K S Cross 

Corpl. S P Oakley 

M Fleming 

C Gerslienberger 



KILLED. 
J F Wagner 
Irwing 
Miller 

WOUNDED. 

James Myers 
A Renebeck 
N White 
Corpl. Morron 
James Harvey 
Louis Kirk 
J W MiUer 
W Burton 
M Morton 



Michael Noonan 
Joseph Grey 
Stephen Edwards 
Theopolis Bowis 
James Lynch 



P Fiekicson 
S G AUeng 
Job n Francis 



Mark Collins 

Dennis Kelly 

Amos Collins 

John Reinecke 

Isaac Dyer 

Boyd 

Artificer Rayan 

Paul Bunzey 

•2d Lieut Giorge Wainvrrisht 

Sergt Rock 

" Willis 

" Marshall 
R Riley 
Lauce Tacey 
James McKnight 



COL. HAY'S REGIMENT. 



Herman S Thomas 
Daniel McCarty 



Armstrong 
Fielding Alston 
John P Waters 
C D De Witt 
Oliver Jenkins 
J F Minter 



KILLED. 

J W D Austin 
Capt R A Gillespie 

WOUNDED. 

Thomas Law 

John Rabb 

Lieut William E Reese 

Jesse Perkins 

N P Browning 

Sergt Roundtree 



J Bachanao, H P Lyon, and C VV Tufts were left behind < 
killed. 



I Corpl John M FuUerton 



Corpl J B Walker 
William Carley 
Gilbert Brush 
Sergt J B Barry 
F F Keys 



apeeial duty, and are sappossd tob< 



COL. WOOD'S REGIMENT OF TEXAS RANGERS. 
Operating in the eastern part of the city on tlve 23d 



George Short 



Biker Barton 
Charles G Davenport 



KILLED. 

I 

WOUNDED. 

I IraGrisby 



Thomas Gregory 
I Calvin Reese 



JQg BATTLES OF MEXICO. 

fc RECAPITULATION. 

Names of ike commissioned officers killed and wounded during the operations be- 
fore Monterey, Mexico, from September 21 to September 23, 1846, inclusive. 

K1LJ.ED.— Sept. 21.— J S Woods, bvt, let Lieut. 2d Infantry ; L N Morris. Capt. 3d In- 
fantry; George P Field. Capt, 3(1 Infantry; P N Barbour. Capt and bvt Major, 3d In- 
fantry; D S Irwin, 1st Lieut and Adj, 3J Infantry; R Hazlitt, 2d Lieut, 3d Infantry: C 
Hoskins, l8t Lieut and Adj. 4th Infantry.; H McKave:t. Capt. 8th Infantry; W H Wat- 
Bcn, Lieut Col. Bait and VVash volunteers ; M Hett, 1st Lieut, let Ohio regiment; W B 
Allen, Capt, 1st Tenn regiment ; S N Putnam. 2d Lieut Ist Tenn regiment. 

WovK BED. —Sept. 21. — W G Williams, Capt, Top Engineers, mortally; J H F Mans- 
ftsld. bvt Major. Engineers, severely; J L Abercrombie. bvt .Major, 1st Infantry, slightly; 
J H Lamotte, Capt, 1st Infantry severely; J C Terrett, 1st Lieut, ist Infantry, mortally, 
R Dilworth, 2d Lieut, 1st Infantry, mortally ; W W Lear, Major, 3d Infantry, dangerous- 
ly; H Bainbridge, Capt, 3d infantry, slightly: R H Graham, 1st Lieut, 4th Infantry, 
diingerously; N B Rossell, 1st Lieut. Oth Infantry, slightly. 

Sept. 22. — J H Potter, 2tl Lieut, 7th Infantry, severely; George Wainwright, 2d Lieut, 
8th Infantry, severely. 

Sept. 23. — R C Gatlin, Capt. 7th Infantry, severely. 

S^t 21. — W O Butler, Major Gen, volunteer service, severely; A M Mitchell, Col, Ist 
tlhio regiment, severely; A W Armstrong, Adj, 1st Ohio regiment, severely; James 
fleorge, Capt, ist Ohio regiment, slightly; Lewis Matter, 1st Lieut, 1st Ohio regiment, 
slightly; A MeCarty, 2d Lieut, 1st Ohio regiment, slightly ; N H Niles, 2d Lieut, 1st 
Cihio regiment, slightly ; R B Alexander, Major, 1st Tenn regiment, severely; J L Scud- 
dcr, 1st Lieut, 1st Ten regiment, severely; G H Nixon, Ist Lieut, 1st Tenn regiment, 
■lightly; J C Allen. 2d Lieut, let Tenn regiment, severely: A K McClung, Lieut Col. Miss 
regiment, severely; R N Downing, Capt, Miss Resiment, slightly; H F Cook, 1st Lieut, 
Miss regiment, slightly; R H Arthur, 2d Lieut, Miss regiment, slightly. 

S^t. 22.— R A Gillespie, Capt, 1st Texas regiment, mortally; W E Reese, 1st Lieut. 
let TexaB regiment. 

Sept. 23. — L S Howard, 2d Lieut, Miss regiment, severely. 

The returns of the killed, wounded, and missing, show the following results: 

Commissioned officers 43 

Non-commiBsioned officers, musicians, and privates 447 

Miflsing 2 

Making a total of 492 



MUNITIONS CAPTURED AT MONTEREY. 

Park op Artillery. — Division of the North. 

InToioe of Artillery, Arms, Ammunition, and other Munitions of Wax, given in ylrtoe of 
the articles of capitulation, signed September 24, 1846. 

Pieces of Artillery with Equipments and Sets of Arms. 

2 4-pounderE, culverine, mounted. 

5 4- pounders 

4 7-inch howitzers. 

1 12-ponnder, dismounted. 

1 6-pounder, mounted. 

I S-pounder, mounted. 

1 4-pounder, di8mounted,'OonieaL 

1 3-ponnder. dismounted, 

1 iron howitzer, unserviceable. 

1 bronze howitzer, unserviceable 

7 rampart guns, (bronzed.) 

Arms for Infantry and Cavalry. 

149 English muskets. 
103 oarbinee. 
J23 bayonets. 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 



109 



305 gnn barrels. (loose ) 
100 carbine barrels, (loose.) 
43 lances. 

Mimilions for Infantry and .Artillery. 

382 IS-ponnd balls, (in pile.) 
329 12-pouna balls, do. 

18 boxea blank 1-2-pound cartridges — 12 in each. 

19 boxes 8-pound canister shot, do. 
49 rounds 8-pound canister shot, (loose.) 

3 boxes 7-pound blank cartriges. 

17 boxes 6-pound ball cartridgrg — ^fixed ; 15 and 18 in each box. 
59 boxes 4-pound ball cartridges — fixed; 18 and 24 in each box. 

2 boxes 4-pound blunk cartridges — 100 in both together. 
123 rounds 3-pound ball cartridges. 
IJ boxes 7-inch howitzer blank cartridges. 

J box 5^-inch do do 

15 boxes 6-pound canister cartridges — 10 and 12 each 

14 boxes 4-ponnd do 12 and 16 each 
40 8-poijnd balls. 

17 boxe.< 12-pound canister cartridges 
79 rounds do do 

12 rounds 8-pound do 

28 rounds do do (loose.) 

15 boxes 7-inLh howitzer canister cartridges. 

70 rounds 7-inoh do (loose.) 

253 pouuii cartridges. 
27 boxes loaded grenades, 7-inch howitzer — 3 in each box. 

20 boxes loaded greuades, 5j.^-inch howitzer — 4 in each. 
350 loose grenades, (part loaded.) 

248 boxes musket-ball cartridges— 1200 in each. 

13 boxes do do (double ball) 1200 in each. 
S3 boxes cannon powder, (good) 1-2,4.50 lbs. net. 

35 boxes do (damaged)— 5,250 lbs. net— not examined, probably gooA 

8 boxes musket powder, (damaged) — 1200 lbs. net. 
2 boxes rifle powder, (fine) — 300 lbs net. 
680 pounds slow match. 
70 quintals lead, in balls. [The reader can calculate this.] 
101 quintals lead, in bars. 
10 dozen signal rockets. 
[Here follows a long list of tools, &c.] 



Park of Artillery. — Post of the Citadel. 
Statement of Ordnance and Ordnance Stores which are at this Post on the2ili 
of September, 1846. 
60,000 musket cartridges, with ball. 
591 l2-pouud blank cartridges. 
334 8-pound do 

• 723 8-pound cartridges, with ball. 
394 6-pound do 

201 7-inch howitzer blank cartridges. 
71 6-pound cartridges, with grape. 
171 12-pound canister shot. 
390 8-pound do 

50 6-pound do 

102 7-ineh howitzer canister shot. 
112 7-inch do loaded shells. 
218 12-pound balls, (loose.) 
710 12-pouud priming tubes, (paper.) 
1,200 8-pound do do 

160 6-pound do do 

300 4-pound do do 

15 port-fires. 6 arobas slow-match, (150 lbs.) 
4 8-pounders. 2 6-pounder8. 2 7-iach howitzers. 



110 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 



LIST OF KILLED AND WOUNDED. 

FIRST DIVISION.— MAJ. GEN. WORTH. 

Names of the Killed, Wbimded, and Missing, in the action of Molino del Ret/, 
September 8, 1847. • 

KILLED. 



Hugh Donahue 

Jacobus 

Ullenbrook 

Brown 

Lane 

Tansen 

Lansing 

John Gracie 

Samuel Grove 

Timothy Sullivan 

A L Grenier 

John Connor 

Wm Hanson 

Jacob Frank 

David Campbell 

Jacob Dyas 

1st Lieut Wm Armstrong 

Sergt A B Howe 

"Wm J Barnhard 

John C EUoes 

Herman Lew 

Bvt Capt G W Ayres 

J F Farry 

John Walsh 

Simon Margarum 

Benj M Harris 

Sergt B Henry 

Corpl John Cameron 

Stillman Cobarn 

Patrick Ronnan 

John McLoskey 

Frederick Workman 

3d Lieut W S Burwell 

Bvt Lieut Col Martin Scott 

Cant M E Merrill 

2d Lieut E B Strong 

Sergt John Gottenger 

Sergt Augustus Quitman 



Capt. "J L Mason, Eng'rs. 
2d Lieut. J B Foster 
John Dougherty 
Capt. C Kerr 
2d Lieut. Smith 

" Tree 

'• Walker 
Sergt. McGuire 
Corpl. Slade 
Sergt. Young 
Corpl. Buxton 

" Buckley 
Sergt" s. Slurphy 

" Brooks 
Usher 
Eoling 
Klaws 



Sergt Staui.slaus Minot 
Corpl Saml Carr 
Timothy Howby 
Thos "VViednian 
Frederick Hobber 
Hy Mamark 
Franci.s McKay 
Thos S Pole 
John P Ronner 
Charles Steward 
Samuel Calhoun 
Robt Crawford 
Griffith Owens 
David Sliarp 
Thomas Gooding 
Peter Pentz 
Owen M:irry 
John B Honer 
John Koarstsupfads 
Peter G Moore 
Wm McCloskey 
Serpt James McGlynn 
Bernard Althor 
Martin JIunneraan 
Michael Slieehan 
Matthew Murphy 
Victor Durand 
John H Bond 
Nicholas Ramsey 
Wm Afrol 
Wm Fahee 
John H Plant 
Christian Schuman 
Wm Looey 
Michael Murphy 
John Brodrick 
Peter Koite 
Isham Canalizo 

WOUNDED, 

Zink 

Sweeney 

Ru.ssea 

Kerr 

Walters 

Thomas Murijhy 

Porthoiise 

Zaiikiwick 

White 

Fielding 

Freeman . 

Kohle 

Mundeig 

We.^terdelof 

Drawn 

Wyatt 

GKrdeuer 



Sergt Edw Bertram 

Sergt Nicholas Ford 

Corpl James Crogan 
John Hughes 
Wm Sandys 
John Clark 

Sergt Reuben Brown 

Patrick McGrash, mus 

Thos Lan.<on 

Geo McGraff 

Gabriel Wilson 

Patrick Green 

Alex Prentice 

Peter Caffery 

Bernard RIcFarlin 

Jacob Neish 

Charles Schwarykoryt 

Wm Irviu 

John A Jackson 

Ge.o M Lightfell 

Barthol Mahon 

Henry Fassor 

Lewis Hemne 

Thomas Fha 

Saml Clark 

Robt Simson 

Sidney W Gunroyer 

Corpl Henry W Erwin 

Lt I'ol Wm M Graham 

Ist Lt R H L Johnson 

Sergt Geo Johnson 

Corpl Chas Fenner 

Corpl John McMahon 

John Segler 

John Buchanan 

John Manning 

James Simpson 

Daniel Kippy 



Flitshe 

Hamilton 

Paul 

Cottrell 

Carter 

Harris 

Serst. Jacob Price 

Richards 

Boone 

J M Quick 

let Lieut. H. J Hunt 

•' W Hayes 
2d Lieut. H F. Clark 
Corpl. Hii!;h McCoy 
Richard Gilmore 
.lames Whitter 
George Wagner 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 



Ill 



Abram Hart 

2d Lient. and Aid-de-camp H 

Thorn 
1st Lieut. M L Shaekleford 

" C B Daniels 
Sergt. George Gordon 

" James McCormick 
CorpJ. Henry Belleman, dead 

" Hugh McDonald 
Mus. Thomas Clark 
William Shoppe, dead 
Christie Bower, dead 
James Rochford 
Charles Hoover 
Hy Berlin 
Martin Sharbuelc 
William Moore 
Patrick Kean 
John Conway 
John Garrey. 
John Hill 
Frederick Bluut 
Thomas Furian 
Francis Webb 
William Crook 
Samuel S Dickman 
Arch'd. McFayden, dead 
Robert Alexander 
James Montgomery 
Thomas O'Brien 
Thomas Starr 
Robert Michan 
John Wiley 
J D Reynolds, dead 
William Sharp 
Edward Ellswortli 
James Bonahan 
James Heauy 
John McNeil 
John R Smith 
William Cook 
Capt. R Anderson 
Oswold Drury 
William Ehrenbanm 
James Keenan 
Christian Smallbark 
David Coleman 
John P Smith 
Henry Stenoham 
John Clancey 
John Montgomery 
Martin Rush 
William Allen 
John Gallagher 
Lewis Merans 
Joseph L Moody 
Philip Hady, dead 
Richard Abercrombie 
Samuel Collier 
Robert Knntz 
Michael Bonet 
Ekiward McKeon 
Peter W Syms 
William C Goddard 
Daniel F McKee 
Meredith Quails 



Levi Leitz 
John Coyle 
John Hill 
Justin O'Brien 
William Lawrence 
Maron Meyers 
K McCready 
Gilbert Goodrich, dead 
Lile Barton 
Alexander Miller 
John T DeHart 
Jules Gasse, dead 
John Housmen 
Lawrence Kenny 
Adam Beecker 
Theo Cranz 
William Wiemest 
John S Beach 
William A Place, dead 
Abner Dixon 
John Clark 
William Wheeler 
Henry Wilkie 
Moses Papiner 
Thomas McDermott 
Edward A unison 
John Cogli 
Josiah Ettinser 
William Cain 
Bernard Riley 
James Shepherd 
Patrick McAlroy 
William O Mooht 
Thomas Hogg 
Josiah Cartwright, dead 
Edward H Brown 
John Eisdar 
Patrick McCue 
Patrick Scanlan 
Peter Yorrick 
Leonard Johnson 
Charles Butterling 
James Burns 
Charles Evans 
John Huuter 
John Wrick 
John Helm 
Matthew Switzer 
William H Morris 
William Shaffer 
Michael Coll 
J M Montgomery 
Charles Sanders 
Edward B Conner 
Peter Bragine 
George McEIrie 
Joseph W brush 
Joseph Wolf 
Thomas Foster, dead 
John Harvey, dead 
William Chapman 
William Curtis 
John Gorlan 
John' McCameron 
Cornelius O'Neill 
Samuel Tucker 



Chester R Tully 

Thomas H Wood 

Jacob Watson 

Benjamin Slater 

Thomas Gloveen 

Augustus De Lonza 

Owen Melvin 

Capt. A Cadv 

" W"H T Walker 

2d Lieut. R F Ernst 

Sergt. P F Jackson 

" George Williamfi 
" John Mclntyre 
" James E Dresser 
'■ John Cummings 
" John Webb, dead 

Corpl. John f erguson 
" Sylvester Jones 
" Chas, Kafferty, dead 

William Shcppard 

L B Hanley 

Abraham Fitzpatrick 

P R Maloed 

J A Burlyman 

Solomon Viedenburg 

Melon Miller 

Lyman H Royee 

Joseph Schwager 

Henry Stevens 

Henry Jordon, dead 

E Hamar 

Anthony Brooks 

Robert Hawkins 

James Wilson 

L Kinney 

John Graves 

James Edmonds 

Charles Evansoa 

William Angel 

WT Bishop 

Greorge Coffee 

Charles Hess 

Michael McEwen 

Michael Picket 

William Smith 

Thomas A Wilson 

Lawrence Fagan 

William Gibbard 

James Hannigan 

James B Hill 

James B Kelly, dead 

Charles Brown 

William Smith 

Lawrence Dunivan 

John Forgy 

Samuel Stanley 

David Wheeler 

John Mnrphy 

Richard Harper 

Joshua H Corwin 

James Devine 

Christopher Yeager 

Capa E K Smith, since dead 

2d Lieut. F S Dent 

Sergt. Joseph Updigraff 
" Thomas Johnson 



112 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 



Corpl. Samuel Meeker 

" Gilbert G Francher 
" Jacob Nichols 

Edward Green 

Darins Ballard 

Thomas Low 

Patrick Keily 

James Alexander, mus. 

George Barr 

William Cordes 

Herman Knickerbocker 

Anthony Rounder 

Thomas Sullivan 

Andrew Casey 

Alphonso Schaffer, dead 

Kaniel Rodgers 

(liharles Linder 

James H Brooke 

tieorge Kraffenbaner 

Augus Bearer 

William Bell 

Joseph McGarliii 

T'atrick O'Rourke 

'iliomas L Sleek 

©eorge W E Sherman 

ffidward Kinneford 

KOijah J Cain 

Levi Miles 

.'lohn Kanavagh 

ll'imothy Collins 

Ezra Higgins 

Michael Leonard 

1'homas Pardon 

Gliomas Joyce 

Nicholas Seminofif 

William Wright 

John Fleming 

3'<1 Lieut. G P Andrews 

Stergt. Anton Achenback, dead 

Corpl. John Matthews, dead 
" John Ilynes 

.James Walsh 

';feorge Wilcox 

"(Villiam F Taylor 

I'hilip Rouse 

Julius Martial 

J ohn Coogan, dead 

Thomas Juit 

Charles Beistrenger 

Thomas Brady 

"VV^iUiam Bloom 

Samuel Brown 

John Conner 

Peter Derit 

Robert Mo Gee 

DMrick Deer 

%^'illiam Parker, dead 

Watchman, dead 

Joseph Finch 

John Tornis 

Marshall Kimball, dead 

Philip Bacher 

William W Walker 

Michael Ley 

John Sullivan 

Assist. Surgeon J Seniors 



Adj. H Prince 

2d Lieut. A B Lincoln 

1st Lieut. S Smith 

Sergt. George W Anderson 
" William Quinn 

Joseph Holybec, dead 

John B Weeden 

Charles Metz 

Corpl. William Castigan 

Ephraim Cain 

James Carroll 

Michael McGuire 

James Steel, dead 

John P Wirrick 

Charles Skolinski 

Edward Kirevin 

Philip Felby, dead 

Martin Loughest 

Bvt. Col. J S McTntosh, dead 

Asst. Surgt. William Roberts 

2d Lieut C S Hamilton 

Sergt. Alfred Land rage 
" Elisha Buel 
" Henry Farmer 
" James O'Brien 
" Alex McClellan 
" David Thompson 
" James Eversteine, 
dead 

Corpl. William Godfrey 
" H J Haskell 
" Francis Smith 
'• John Doyle 
" George Eimerick 
" George Molely 
" IS'ich Reid 
" John Clarit 

William Babb, mus. 

Corpl. Dediah ISIeir 

Morris .Sayers, dead 

William Witherspoon 

William Goodwin 

Hugh Frazer 

Jeremiah Delong 

S. Tififans 

J Weight 

iGeorge Kingsmau, dead 

llsaac Baker, dead 

Isaac Christman 

John Lyons 

Adam Eichstciu 

John Irwing 

JauiCS LoUen 

"^orpl. Michael Eannes 

Francis Kline, dead 

Samuel .Morgan 

Bennet Keere. 

John Finnerijhty 

Jacob Kennard 

Richard Wilkinson 

James Bradley 

J B Johnson 

William Speara 

Calvin Wells 

Henry Cropp 

John Martin 



John King 
D Loundensborough 
Michael McAuley, dead 
E W Dexter 
Loreuy Flood 
John McGuire 
James Victory 
William P Moore 
Jeffenson Wells 
Abraham Riber 
Henry Bertoled 
George Smith 
Joseph Roland, dead 
David Brudy 
Daniel Emerson 
Daniel Boughanan 
Richard Cherry 
Brian Curry 
Thomas Down 
William C Howe 
Deobald Snyder 
Alfred Carlisle 
Johu A Reading 
Jeremiah Ryan 
Ebenezer Gill 
Gregory Kepler 
S P Aretz 
John Meon 
Matthew Kols 
William Jones, dead 
Major C A M'aite 
Brevet-Maj. A Montgomery 
Captain L Smith 
1st Lieut. J Burbank, dead 
" J Beardsley 
" C Morris, dead 
" J D Clark 
2d Lieut. G Wainwright 
Lieut. J G S Snolling 
Sergt. John Fink 

" Thomas Moir' 

" David Pink 

'' Thomas Sewell 

" John Robinson 

" James H Kearney 

" John Smith 

" Frederick Backhans 

" George Simmons 
Corpl. A T Osbourne 

"AC Edson 

" William Fairehildfl 

" David Lawyer 

" Joseph Scanson 

" Caleb Smith 
David SprinL'ham, dead 
William McDonald 
DeWitt McDaniel 
.John McCarthy 
Bernard Malone 
James Mooney 
John Paul 
John M Renter 
Henry Rumears, dead 
Oscar F Sweet 
S Poler. dead 
P McMillan 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 



113 



John H McGuire 
John Bermingham, dead 
S T Tem pieman 
John Weith 
S A Weller 
W Wilson, dead 
John T Blair 
William Sourley 
James Raby, dead 
Charles Daniels 
Mark Chappie 
Michael Conrey 
William C Morris 
H Horinar 
William Thomas 
James A Terril 
Henry Bohan, dead 
Major Geerge W Talcott 
2d Lieut. G L Kitzing 

" R Swann 

" ■ William J Martin 
Patrick Cassin 
David Doace 
Chester C Kennedy 
Peter King 
Patrick McCarty 
Henry L Snellers 
Nat Ross 
Joseph Arnold 
Patrick Keany 
Benjamin Burritt 
James Gamble 
OliTer W H Kellogg 
Patrick Green, dead 
Angustus Bliss, dead 
H Buckland 
William Collan 
John Chari 
John K Knock 
Theobald Shinard 
Jacob Misfiil, dead 
Lnther Schouts 
S W Pumroyer, dead 
William Shad 
William Looney 
Michael Walsh, dead 
John Young 
Th Brennan 
Thomas Burke 
John CosgroTe 
Fh Cook 
H Euhank 
John Gordon 
Nicholas Hoyt 
J L Knott 
S A Evans 
M Conway 
V Collins 
Holandorf 
T Clark 
R Sylvester 
H Wells 
H Kilgrove 
,WA Ward 
J Bean 
W G Good 



J Silverhorn 

J Malony 

W Allison 

D Deranghn 

J Rowenski 

J Spencer 

T C Parish 

J Doney 

J J Nickerson 

M Benton 

G W Bungeant 

John Sloan 

J L Hisse 

T Evans 

H Kidwell 

A W Millbright 

J McCasliu 

J Cromley 

D Davis 

J V Franklin 

S Field 

T Higginson 

A Idler 

G Kriner 

H Keenan 

R Lemon 
,WS Wendenhall 

J Maseey 

P Morrell 

B McCape 

J V Perry 

J Picken 

J Pierce 

B J Ross 

W Jackson 

O Morton 

G Spen«er 

J Kock 

Eckhart 

G Backenschitz 

F Kerse 

J Rutter 

T Grooves 

J Sigmac 

J F Dentlenger 

J A Yat«s 

G W Jones 

W H Fitzhue 

2d Lieut. Wash Terrill 

Sergt. W B Vertrees 
CD Weymouth 
F W Jennings 
J C Malbon 
■W J Hecbert 
R Harding 
C R Edwards 
S Elliott 
J E Gardiner 

Corpl. W S McCorrell 
ED Denson 
B Ogle 
J H Walker 

Sergt R H Tamer 

D Graybeer 

A R Shacklett 

J Hall 



J Brown 

D Wymp 

A Wamsall 

J Porter 

G W Seaton 

R Simpson 

J Thompson : " 

J Metcalf 

A Adamson < r 

T Davis 

J Howell 

JPugh 

J Bunger 

A Funlay 

T Firish 

TPugh 

H White 

W Baldhurst 

Major John H Savage 

Capt. Thomas Glenn 

Lieut. Hays 

Thomas Shields 

Samuel B Davis 

Corpl. L Warren 

" Munroe Filming 
Thomas Pierson 
James M Cox 
Robert Brenton 
Fielding Young 
Jackson W Lowry 
A Sawyer 
Kaylams Lynch 
William Farrell 
Louis H Mallerhy 
David Hall 
James Gillespie, 
Hardy Johnson 
James R Attstin 
Thomas H Hayter 
Henry Dannigan 
Capt. William H Irwitt 

" P M Guthrie 
Adj. D S Lee 
Sergt. John P Weldon 

'' Freeze 

" Lenox Lea 

" J G Handy 
Corpl. Charles Bartnrkef 

" Michael Freeney 

" Robert Raasch 
Isaac Mahon 
Uriah Kitchen 
John Hayes 
James Rager 
McCluny Radcliff 
Robert D Brown 
Foster R Carson 
James Dilks 
William S Sashall 
James Hight 
Schmidt 
William R CaU 
Jesse Flowera 
William Dolman 
Isaac Pierce 
James Neshitt 



114 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 



Hennan Bickerstine 
Fred Babe 
fenjamin Dickie 



i Simon Pickett 
John Romering 
Albert Mc&Ul 



j Oscar Wood 
John Wilson, dead 
I Christian Papst 



MISSING. 



Privates Robert McKee, Joseph Scott, since discovered to have been blown up at Casa 
del Mata ; Francis Beed, Artificer Israel Barton, killed; Private John Jacob Divine ; Sergt. 
John Coble; Privates John Gillespie, Thomas Hardy, William Reynolds, James Smith, 
Conrad Young, Henry MuUer, Jackson Adams, James Leary, H A Wood, S Vandergriff, J 
L Hass, David Ay res, Joseph G Smith. 

Names of the killed, ivounded, and missing, of the Mrst Division, in the actions 
of the 13th and 14t/j September. 



Richard Gilmore 
Sergt. John Scar 
Joseph Cook, mus. 
Charles Carroll 
John Kennedy 
WiUiam O'Neil 
Lieut. A J Rogers 
Sergt. William Donegan 
" George Blast 



A. A Gen. W W Markall 
A. D C George W Kendall 
1st Lieut. J J Stevens 
Sergt. D Hastings 

" P Maguire 
Davis 

Artificer Edmund King 
Thomas Murphy 
Joseph Bateman 
WiUiam Smith 
John Wolfe 
Francis Desmond 
Sergt. James M(SCormict! 
Corpl. Henry Reigle 
Anthony Baker, mus. 
John Sweeny 
Herman Von Steen 
Carl Chapparcan 
George Chiveton 
Frederick Brugh 
Jeremiah Cavaugh 
W Garlick 
David Rikin 
Patrick Born 
John Young 
Michael HaUoran 
John Klinz 
Nathan Randall 
John Zear 
Godfrey Piermbnt 
Marcus Bain 
John Haggerty . 
Li^t. Col. John Garland 
1st Lieut. S Smith, dead 
2d Lieut, Maurice MaJoney 
Sergt. AVilliam Blaisdell 



KILLED. 

Corpl. James Hagau 
Conrad Graf 
Isaac I Jons on 
Alexander McCoy 
Karl Sigmond 
Michael Kelley 
William Billington 
Joel Barrom 



WOUNDED. 

Sergt. David Toobwiller 
Corpl. Theodore Gregg 
Daniel Bennett, dead 
Joseph F Cooper 
Hamilton Sparks 

ohn Whitnell 
William Grant 
Patrick Toole 
Lonesee 

William Burton 
James Lawless 
Stephen Mann 
Adolphus Schuyer 
Jacob Shores 
J M Mallinder 
William Wilson 
Mark Spaulding 
V B West 
George Henry 
William Lawrence 
Duwilda Myers 
Thomas Collis 
William Cross 
Joseph Peck 
John C Christie 
Slortonier Crofort 
Willi,im Thompson 
Henry Byrnes 
James Fisher 
James Parker 
Grapincamp 

Aganus Dowis 
Capt D H MePhail 
Sergt. Henry Farmer 

Corpl. Darius Ballard 

Joseph MoGartin 



Pd Lieut. J P Smith 
V E Reed 
James McLoy 
Patrick Hines 
William Mooney 
David Trush 
Andrew Leet 
Henry Jones 
I 



William O'Shaughnessy 
John A Sehuber 
Wiliam Montgomery 
John Dillon 
James Harny 
Thomas Oats 
George Gill 

Ist Lieut. L A Armistead 
Sergt. Maj. Edw Thompson [ 
George Ernst 
Alexander Maddox 
Williaw Dowley 
Sergt. Francis Fox 
Bernard Lynch 
Andrew Piper 
2d Lieut. James Longhurst 
1st " Joseph Seldon 
Sergt. John A Noon 
I " JLFi.sk 
Corpl. Robert Shaw 
I " Thomas Smith 
IWilliam Shaw 
John Hisner 
[John Flummery 
jM Monaghyn 
'James C Mclntjrre 
{Stephen MConneU 
John McAulay 
WiUiam Palmoter 
John Kibler 
William Fox 
■Alexander Reinhart 
[Nathaniel Clegg 
iCharles McClosky 
'Hanson Palmer 
'waUam Verrel 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 



115 



Charles Quick 
Valentine Impoft 
James Farramier 



MISSING, 

Edward Blackman 
Victor Whipple 
James Leise 



John Briolon 
Charles Whitty 



SECOND DIVISION— BRTG. GEN. TWIGGS. 

List of the killed, wounded, and missing, of the Second Divisio-n, in the action 
at Chapultepec and the Garita de Bele^i, on the 13<A, and in the city of 
Mexico on the lith and Ibth of September. 1847. 



Corpl. Dennis Byrne 

" C C Arms 
Thomas D Wheeler 
George Town 
William Donovan 
Elijah O Pointer 
James L Reed 
Je'sse James 



1st Lieut. Earl Van Dorn 
Maj. W W Doring 
Capt. J S Simonson 

'• J B Baekenstos 

" S S Tucker 
2d Lieut. T S K Russell 
Bvt. 2d Lieut. J A Palmer 
Capt. George Nauman 
let Lieut, and Adj. J M Bran- 
nan 

'• Lieut. J H Hasldn 
Sergt. Maj. Al<mzo Stanton 

" Samuel Harp 

" Z M P Hand 
1st Sergt. James Manly 
Sergt. William P Sanders 

" Hiram Dwyer 

"DM Frame 
Corpl. William M Winter 

" L L Worcester 

" George Taylor 

" J M L Addison 

' Rufus Peck 

" Jeremiah O'Connell 

" J Freeman 

'■' J Millard 
Lance Corpl. Thomas Davis 

" William P Cook 
James Fairell 
Edward Allen 
Chiistopher Lidden 
Frederick Pilgrim 
J M Cannon 
A Stickler 
George W Raymond 
Stans Moroski 
Joseph Newhouse 



FIRST BRIGADE. 

KILLED. 

Myrnn Bell 
Hiram Dengh 
William Hagau 
William Finney 
James Harrigan 
Thomas McGlone 
Sergt. John Bald 
ICorpl. James Huntley 

WOUNDED. 

John Barber 
John Richardson 
Joseph Hoban 
W F Herrington 
J C Morrison 
George B Mosher.'* 
J W Roliinsoii 
Joseph Watson 
Levi Grunsby 
Benj Tabler 
John Dillon 
John G Myers 
Lindsey Hooker 
Daniel Williams 
Lewis Copsey 
'Thomas B Brasheno 
John Fickle 
Lawrence J Filsome 
Bartholomew W Wilson 
Jo.shua P Santmyne 
Clinton f razer 
William W Wilson 
William Spear 
M Hamilton 
M Batsner 
Francis Whitebread 
JHak 
J Murray 
S Young 
J C Roberts • 
J C Christman 
Joseph Patterson 
CAB Phelps 
Robert Williams 
Josh Garrison 
Josh Debeuque 
Allen Oyerly 



William Fortition 
John J O'Donnell 
James Welsh 
John Alexander 
Walter Scott 
Henry Boyle 
Michael O'Loiighlin 
Florence McCarty 



Daniel Wills 

1st Sergt. Thomas Williamj 

Corpl. Henry D Sitner 

William Ferry 

Daniel B Baker 
Art. John Vi'eins 
Richard J Shephard 
Thomas S Perkins 
Amos Kingsley 
Bradly Laud 
John McFarne 
John Thompson 
Robert Kugan 
Henry Wutts 
Harvey Gamperd 
John Miller 
Lewis Russell 
Francis Fletcher 
Frederick Wissail 
Sergt. Stewart Dougherty 
" Dixon Ashworth 
'• Orlando B Miles 
Corpl. Nel Chamberlain 

John Storm 

William Adams 
James McNulty 
Henry Varner 
Moses Gieason 
Banva Upton 
Edgar Watson 
Francis J Slathan 
Francis Oestrich 
Henry Haldman 
.lohn O'Brien 
Harry Aberlee 
Amos Bardhart 
William Campbell 



116 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 



John Childers 
Cornelius Crowley 
John Hamilton 
William Myers 
Philip Ryan 
Timcthv a-ilUran 
William Kenny 
Charles F E Hyer 
Edward Zimmerman 



Edward Quin 
Isaac Tracy 



1st. Lieut. Levi Cantt 
Sergt. William A Morrison 
Corpl. James Tierney 
Michael Elwooil, mus. 



Capt. Silas Casey 

1st Lieut. N Lyon 

Corpl. Robert Bailey 
" William Bond 
" William Evans 

F McNally 

John Keely 

George Martin 

John Wallace 

Corpl. Ellis 

Stevenson 

William Feather 

Titus S Gillow 

William Hughes 

Ervin Levin 

Patrick Gallagher 

John Daly 

Hiram Shippey 

Richard G Martin 



Patrick Morron 
Henry McCampbUl 
Thoma.<! Pritcnard 
T,eonard Elias 
David Jermon 
Eli Gable 
Charles McKinne 
Jacob Varnes 
Jos Eutterfield 

MISSING. 

John Witty 
John Venator 

SECOND BRIGADE. 

KILLED 

I John M Nash 
I Patrick Sheridan 

I Lewis Rinhart 
William Steinson 

WOUNDED. 

William T Ray 
Thomas Graham 
Lewis Hasting.s 
John Kavanagh 
Patrick Kelly 
John Semple 
Daniel Lanahan 
John Lynch 
James Sullivan 
John Steevier 
Samuel Noble 
Nicholas C James 
Patrick McKenna 
Jacob Miller 
Abraham Sammcns 
Capt. Thomas Handey 
Charles Clark 
Benjamin Little 
Sergt. Asabel H Wells 
MISSING. 



Stephen L Rouse 
John Pierce 



ToiAL-KiUed 36; Wounded 194 



iGeorge Frank 
Thoir :Farland 
'Ter-- js 
Chailc.1 ./ Truman 
Frederick A Collins 
Elliott EUmer 
Daniel Smith 
Daniel Wise 



John Montgomery 
Theodore Woodbury 



Joseph N Garnett 
Keyran Temple 
Richard Shore 
Neill Donnelly 



Thomas Rose, mus 
John Brown 
Daniel Carr 
Peter Kerr 
Alexander Beebe 
Augustus Walker 
Corpl. William AndenOB 
Francis H Fox 
John McLaughlin 
Thomas Navy 
James Lilly 
Joseph GilhuUy 
Patrick Murphy 
Charles Howard 
John Barnes 
George F Flegg 
John Hughes 
I Patrick Murphy 



I Michael Gilmote 
I David Mayer 
Missing 10. 



THIRD DIVISION— MAJ. GEN PILLOW. 

Return of the killed, wounded^ and missing, of the Third Division, commaiyir 
ed by Major General Pillmo, during the attack on Chapultepec and the city 
of Mexico on the I3th and lith September, 1847. 
WOUNDED 
Major Gen. Gideon J Pillow \ | Lieut. G T Beaaregard 

First Artillery, Co, I— Field Battery. 
WOUNDED. 



Capt. J B Magrauder 
Paul Dalym 



Edmond Lanergan 
J Donelly 



Anthony Kreiss 
William Merrick 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 



ir 



CoL T B Kansom 
Sergt. George C Spencer 
Corol. John Balleneau 



George W King, raus 
E T Pike 

Charles B Horsewell 
Clark H Green 
William March 
James Mohan 
Patrick Connars 
■VTilliam Welsh 



Ninth Regiment iNFANTRt. 

KILLED. 

I Corpl. George E Barnes I John Dorset 
Foster ' George Ball 

I Edson I 

WOUNDED. 

Robert M Brown 
|N W King 

Benjamin Osgood 

N G Shett 
(William H White 

H B Stone 
(Charles Twist 



John Welston 
John S Lock 
Isaac Ware 
A Noyce 
W A Brown 
J Moody 
J Bridges 



Fourteenth Regiment Infantry. 



Benjamin Hall 
Robert Arnold 



Col. William Trousdale 
Capt. J M Scantland 
" Robert G Beale 
2d Lieut. Richird Steel 
Robert W Bedford 
Sergt. Wm M Bledsoe 
Corpl. H Montgomery 



John Crawford 
Wm Doaring 



Jopeph Grant 
John Hayiland 



Capt. E A King 

Sergt. Jonathan Jones 

Corpl. Wm Koch 
" Jos McGill 
" Harvey Lyon 

Enos McClaren 



HFrick 
£ Miller 

Lieut. Col. Jos E Johnson 
Capt. Moses J Barnard 
1st Lieut. James Tilton 
1st Lieut Gangenecker 
2d Lieut. J L Meno 

" W J Martin 
Sergt. W Peat 



KILLED. 



WOUNDED. 

Wm D Pharris 
S Sutzenhizer 
W F Beatty 
James Kennedy 
Stewart White 
John Philand 
Bolivar Vincent 

MISSING. 

James McDermott 
John Blair 



H R Manning 
James M Moneypenny 



Calvin C Forola 
A D Aujon 
A Ch-idwick 
John Wilkinson 
F Faoball 
J Donelly 



W R Watson 



Fifteenth Regiment Infantry. 



KILLED. 

j John Herriok 
I Henry W Stoy 

• WOUNDED 

Jacob Ebcham 
Seth Millington 
Jonas Augtemyer 
Geo Momeny 
Caleb B Sly 
Marvin Ward 

Missing — Harkin. 

VoLTiGKUK Regiment 

KILLED. 



WOUNDED 

J C Marbou 

T S Gardner 

H C Long 

Corpl. H E Reed 
M Finder 
M Conway 
J Muldoon 



James D Kensil 



Lewis Anderson 
Christian Hammell 
Duncumb McKinsey 
Frank L Hartinaw 
Henry Hess 



S Richardson 
N Salisbury 

Corpl. R Cooper 
J McGown 
A Fair, mus. 
M Bancrof 
E Brass 
S McCall 
W H Fitzhugh 



118 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 



WWood 
:!,Cox 
* Dwyer 
TEvans 
W K Fletcher 
J Amey 
J Smith 
C Redding 



James Hall 
J Medcalf 



M Rain 
G Spencer 
C Miller 
J Young 
P Henry 
D Doughney 
J Deitz 



MISSING. 



T Wallace 
O Russell 
E T Gooden 
J H Malbon 
J M Floyd 
T H Gill 
T Trumble 



J A Maples 
I G Weygand 



Total— Killed 21; wounded lU ; missing 10—142. Horses— killed 9 ; wounded 3—12: 



FOURTH DIVISION— MAJ. GEN. QUITMAN. 

Ijni of the kiMed, loounded, and missing, in the several actions near the tity of 
Mexico, 071 the l^h and 15th September, 1847. 



Maj. L Twiggs 
Capt A Van O'Linda 
1st Lieut J M Morgan 
2d " J Wells Cantey 
Wm Carlin 
Wm C Bolton 
tiaah Wondus 
Chas Stewart 
Jl")hn Street 
>jhn Tarn 
.Jbhii MeClanahan 
diorpl. Hugh Graham 
Anthony E Egbert 
Andrew MLoughlin 



t.ieut. Col. J M Geary 
Corpl.Wm Herbert 
" Peter Hogan 
John Freymon 
John Miller 
.facob Armprister 

Jenry Boyer 
Thos McGhee 
Hacob Rapp 
John Arthur 
George Henry 
Daniel Saul 
Nathan Martz 
Peter Meyer, dead 
John Worthingtou 

Wm Humphreys 

Sergt J ohn Bruokbank 

Abraham Rhodes 

W J Stone 

John Campbell 

Hugh Storm 

John McLoughlin 

Thomas Holland 

Ord. Sergt. Franois McKee 

Andrew Dripps 

William H Dietrich 



KILLED. 

John Herbert 
Mathew Banks 
Thomas Kelly 
1st Sergt Wm Blocker 

'■' B F MattiBon 
T Mc Henry 
Corpl L Goode 
W B Devlin 
J Morwood 
C Meyer 
D H Tresevant 
H Calahan 
T Cooper 
'T Lyles 

WOUNDED. 

J no Snyder 

Corpl. A Patterson 
E A Downey 
F C McDermot 
B F Davis 
G W Neff 

Se.^t. David Meeklin 
" R McClelland 
" George Decker 
" Hugii Fi.skill 
" Chauey F Sergeant 

Lieut. A S Towrison 

Corpl. William H Sogonr 

Thomas Humphreys 

John Vau.son 

J ames T Sample 

John Bechter 

John Copphart 

William Rice 

Samuel E Major 

Capt. E S Williams 
• Chris Sieb 

J Palmer 

M Flaxter 

P Ward 

Corpl. Jacob Meyer 



M Martin 
iJohn Patrick 
!J C Tunison 
JT Golden 
. I Andrew Jelard 
jJohn Wright 
John Seaman 
JThed Zimmerman 
tjohn Homer 
I Corpl James Williams 
iJos A Dennis 
John Shaw 
!john L Young 



|R Rodgers 
J CosgroTe 
IE Moyer 
Sergt. A Cummins 
McDonald, mus. 
Millourn, mus. 
Maj. AH Gladden 
Act. Adj. M Clarke 
Sergt. Maj. OTGibbs 
Thomas Gathey 
Sergt. R Fayen 

'• J Dunnogant 

" W Triplett 
M M Adams 
J Thomas 
M Ward 

Y Muller 

Y Evans 
J Only 
Corpl. J Hood 

Y Cahill 

N R Evans 
J Ferguson 

Y Robins 
C Ingram 
H Laherty 



BATTLES OF MEXICO. 



119 



Bennett 

Sergt L B Wearer 

Y Anderson 

C H Kenny 

A Delany 

2d Lieut. F Sellock 

R Watson 

Corpl. W L Rodgers 

J H Saxton 

H J Caughman 

H Polack 

J D Stanford 

Manning Brown 

J Fitzsimmons 

B Hutchinson 

J Kelly 

let Lieut A B O'Bamioii 

2d Lieut C J Kirkland 

J G Atkinson 

J K Parker 

Capt. J H Williams 

Sergt. J caldbeeth 

Corpl. J J Feagle 

T Chapman 

J Graham 

J C Higgins 

D Brown 

H Suber 

A Little 

R B Lyle.s 

A Feagle 

Lieut. Col. Charles Baxcer, 

dead 
MeGennis 
Rowalt 

Corpl. MoGowen 
Fife 
Duncan 
Waggoner 
2d Lieut. Mayne 

" Reede 
John Eber 
John Hunt 
Jas Kelly 
Corpl. John Hall 
Joha Keeber 
Charles Newman 
Capt. J Barclay 
Capt. S W Peel 
. J White 
John Russell 
Corpl. James Saxon 
C Reymansmyder 
B Van Deif 
Henry Rist 
Sam Morfran 
Wm MendenhaJl 
Arch Graham 
I N Hoods 
Fred Myers 
Capt. James Miller 
W Clementg 



J Horn 

James Bastard 

John Solomon 

Emor M Davis 

William Snyder 

William Smyth 

M Hastson 

H Thomas 

Edward Blain 

Lieut John Keefe 

Corpl. A J Jones 

Wm Smyth 

Jos Lutz 

Thomas Davis 

Chris Malone 

James Stewart 

Wm Bishop 

Wm Crabb 

Capt James Caldwell 

Josh Hamilton 

John Keever 

David Shine 

Charles Epler 

Benjamin Shine 

Lewis Bonnetts 

Saxfere Heabbly 

1st Lt and Adj D D Baker 

'■■ " AQM J S Devlin 
2d Lt Chas A Henderson 
Sergt Maj Jas Montgomery 
Comy Sergt James Orr 
Sergt John Roach 

John Curran 

W J Wilson 

Graddisen'L Tansill 
Seebeck 
Martin Fogg 
Hugh Roney 
John McGuignan 
Philip Phoenix 
Saml Williamson 
Biggs 
Connor 
Francis Quinn 
Thos B Smith 
Elhanan Stevens 
Edward Cooper 
J Lions 

Corpl John Whaley 
P Anderson * 

John Cassedy 
Jas Smith 
Jas Kenneda 
D Standeiwick 
L Strobill 
Capt C H Pearson 
Wm Connell 
Y Donovan 
S Calvert 
J Davis 
R Jeukin 
D L McCowen 



2d Lieut Bell 

Sergt J N Easterby 

Corpl Bold 

R Hitehfelt 

J Martin 

P S Graham 

C Rankin 

C; Anderson 

W L Beadon 

2d Lieut J W Steen 

N Scott 

D Nolan 

James Walsh 

2d Lieut J B Davis 

Sergt J W Shett 

S Camak 

E Duke 

W S Tidwell 

R J Barker 

W Claxton 

James M Craig 

C J Gladney 

J w Brittendenham 

J E Odom 

A Tunison 

J B Glass 

R S Morrison 

J T Olneys 

J Burke 

G Barry 

M Cohlin 

H Hardenbrciok 

W Tompkins 

Capt D Hungerford 

1st Lieut Chas H Jane? 

Sergt D Montgomery 

Corpl Chas Thompson 

Owen Elwood 

Thos Healey 

John McKinne 

}ohn Snyder 

V Van Slyke 

James Hart 

Sergt John Duffy 

Pat Roney 

O Hanzel 

Michael Butler, dead 

Capt M Fairchild 

Lieut J W Green 

1st Sergt Barker 

Thos L Decker 

Jas Franklin 

Geo Pemberton 

John L Gardner 

R Hendrick 

Wm Daly 

D Robertson 

Geo Thistleton 

Sergt John M Lane 

Corpl Clipole EyeretJ 

Alex Cook 

J Woodward 



TEEATY 



OF PEACE, FRIENDSHIP, LIMITS, AND SETTLEMENT, 

BETV/EEN 

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE MEXICAN REPUBLIC. 

' Concluded at Guadalupe Hidalgo, February 2, and Ratified, with the Ameadmants, by the 
American Senate, March 10, 1848. 



THE TREATY. 

In the name of Almighty God : 

The United States of America and the United Mexican States, animated 
by a sincere desire to put an end to the calamities of the war which unhap- 
pily exists between the two Republics, and to establish on a solid basis re- 
lations of peace and friendship, which shall confer reciprocal benefits on the 
citizens of both, and assure the concord, harmany and mutual confidence 
wherein the two people should lire as good neighbors, have, for that pur- 
pose, appointed their respective Plenipotentiaries ; that is to say, the Pre- 
sident of the United States has appointed N. P. Trist, a citizen of the Uni- 
ted States, and the President of the Mexican Republic has appointed Don 
Louis GoNZAGA CuEVAS, Don Bernardo CoxTo, and Don Miguel Atristain, 
citizens of the said Republic, who, after a reciprocal communication of their 
respective powers, have, under the protection of Almighty God, the Author 
of Peace, arranged, agreed upon and signed the following Treaty of Peace, 
Friendship, Limits and Settlement, between the United States of America 
and the Mexican Republic. 

ARTICLE I. 

There shall be a firm and universal peace between the United States of Amcrida and the 
Mexican Republic, and between their rcspecti\ e countries, territories, cities, towns and people, 
without exception of places or persons. 

ARTICLE II. 

Immediately on the signature of this Treaty, a Convention shall be entered into between 
a Commissioner or Commissioners appointed by the General-in-Chief of the forces of the 
United States, and such as may be appointed by the Mexican Government, to the end that a 
provisional suspension of hostilities shall take place ; and that in the places occupied by the- 
» said forces, constitutional order may be re-established, as regards the political, administrative 
and judicial branches, so I'ar as this shall be permitted by the circumstance of military oc- 
cupation. 

ARTICLE III. 

Immediately upon the ratification of the present Treaty, by the Government of the United 
States, orders shall be transmitted to the commanders a£ their land and naval forces, requiring 
the latter (provided this Treaty shall then have been ratified by the Government of the Mexi- 
can Republic), immediately to desist from blockading the Mexican ports ; and requiring the 
former (under the same condition) to commence, at the earliest moment practicable, with- 
drawing all troops of the United States then in the interior of the Mexican Republic, to 
points that shall be selected by common agreement, at a distance from the seaports not ex- 



THE TREATY, 121 

ceeding thirty leagues ; and such evacuation of the interior of the Republic shall be com- 
pleted with the least possible delay ; the Mexican Government hereby binding itself to afford 
every facility in its power for rendering the same convenient to the troops, on their march, 
and in their new positions, and for promoting a good understanding between them and the 
inhabitants . n like manner, orders shall be dispatched to the persons in charge of the Cus- 
tom Houses at all ports occupied by the forces of the United States, requiring them (under the 
same condition) immediately to deliver possession of the same to the persons authorized by 
the Mexican Government to receive it, together with all bonds and evidences of debt for dutis 
on importations and on exportations, not yet fallen dug. Moreover, a faithful and exact ac- 
count shall be made out, showing the entire amount of all duties on imports and on exportc, 
collected at such Custom Houses, or elsewhere in Mexico, by authority of the United States, 
from and after the day of the ratification of this Treaty by the Government of the Mexican 
Kepublic ; and also an account of the cost of collection ; and such entire amount, deducting 
cnly the cost of collection, shall be delivered to the Mexican Government, at the City of 
Mexico, within three months after the exchange of ratifications. 

The evacuation of the Capital of the Mexican Republic by the troops of the United Statei, 
in virtue of the above stipulation, shall be completed in one month after the orders there 
stipulated for shall have been received by the Commander of the said troops, or sooner if 
possible. 

ARTICLE IV. 

Immediately after the exchange of ratifications of the present Treaty, all castles, forts, th 
itories, places and possessions, which have been taken and occupied by the forces of te- 
United States during the present war, within the limits of the Mexican Republic, as aboutto 
be established by the following article, shall be definitely restored to the said republic, toget h 
er with all the artillery, arms, apparatus of war, munitions and other public property, which, 
were in the said castles and forts when captured, and which shall remain there at the time 
when this Treaty shall be duly ratified by the Government of the Mexican Republic. To 
this end, immediately upon the signature of this Treaty, orders shall be despatched to the 
American oflScer commanding such castles and ports, securing against the removal or de- 
struction of any such artillery, arms, apparatus of war, munitions, or other public property. 
The City of Mexico, within the inner line of intrenchments surrounding the said city, is 
comprehended in the above stipulations, as regards the restoration of artillery, apparatus of 
war, &c. 

The final evacuation of the territory of the Mexican Republic by the forces of the United 
States shall be completed within three months from the said exchange of ratifications, or 
sooner if possible ; the Mexican Republic hereby engages, as in the foregoing Article, to use 
all means in its power for facilitating such evacuation, and rendering it convenient to the 
troops, and for promoting a good understanding between them and the inhabitantSj 

If, however, the ratification of this Treaty by both parties should not take place n time to 
allow the embarkation of the troops of the United States to be completed before the com- 
mencement of the sickly season, at the Mexican ports on the Gulf of Mexico, in such case a 
friendly arrangement shall be entered into between the General-in-Chief of the said troops 
and the Mexican Government, whereby healthy and otherwise suitable places, at a distance 
from the ports not exceeding thirty leagues, shall be designated for the residence of such troops 
as may not yet have embarked, until the return of the healthy season. And the space of 
time here referred to as comprehending the sickly season, shall be understood to extend from 
the first day of May to the first day of November. 

All prisoners of war taken on either side, on land or on sea, shall be restored as soon as 
practicable after the exchange of the ratifications of the Treaty. It is also agreed that if any 
Mexicans should now be held as captives by any savage tribe within the limits of the United 
States, as about to be established by the following article, the Government of the said United 
States will exact the release of such captives, and cause them to be restored to their country. 

ARTICLE V. 

The boundary line between the two Republics shall commence in the Gulf of Mexico, th ee 
leagues from land, opposite the mouth of the Rio Grande, otherwise called Rio Bravo del 
Norte, or opposite the mouth of its deepest branch, if it should have more than one branch 
emptying directly into the sea ; thence up the middle of that river, following the deepest 
channel, where it has more than one, to the point where it strikes the southern boundary 
of New Mexico ; thence westwardly, along the whole southern boundary of New Mexico 
Which runs north of the town called Paso,) to its western termination ; thence northward 
along the western line of New Mexico, until it intersects the first branch of the River Gila; 
or if it should not intersect any branch of that river, then to the point oa the said line near- 



122 THE TREATY. 

est to such branch, and thence in a direct line to the same) thence down the middle of the 
said branch and of the said river, until it empties into the Rio Colorado ; thence across the 
Rio Colorado, following the division line between Upper and Lower California, to the Pacific 
Ocean. 

The southern and western limits of New Mexico, mentioned in this article, are those laid 
down in the map entitled " Map of the United Mexican States, as organized and defined by 
various acts of the Congress of said Republic and constructed according to the best authori- 
ties. Revised edition. Published at New York in 1847, by J. Disturnell." 

Of which map a copy is added to this Treaty, bearing the signatures and seals of the un- 
dersigned Plenipotentiaries. And in order to preclude all difficulty in tracing upon the 
ground the limit separating Upper from Lower California, it is agreed that the said limits 
shall consist of a straight line, drawn from the middle of the Rio Gila, where it unites with 
the Colorado, to a point on the coast of the Pacific Ocean — distant one marine league due 
south of the southernmost point of the port of San Diego, according to the plan of said 
port, made in the year 1782, by Don Juan Pantojer, second sailing master of the Spanish ileet, 
and published at Madrid in the year 1802, in the Atlas to the voyage of the schooner Sutil 
andfMexicana, of which plan a copy is hereunto added, signed and sealed by the respective 
Plenipotentiaries. 

In order to designate the boundary line with due precision, upon authoritative maps, and to 
establish on the ground landmarks which shall show the limits of both Republics, as described ia 
the present ai-ticle, the Governments shall each appoint a Commissioner and Surveyor, who, 
before the expiration of one year from the date of the exchange of ratification of this 
Treaty, shall meet at the port of San Diego, and proceed to run and mark the said bounda- 
ry in its whole course to the mouth of the Rio Rravo del Norte. They shall keep journals 
and make out plans of their operations ; and the result agreed upon by them shall be deemed 
a part of this Treaty, and shall have the same force as if it were inserted therein. The two 
Governments will amicably agree regarding what may be necessary to these persons, and 
also as to their respective escorts, should such be necessary. 

The boundary line established by this article shall be religiously respected by each of the 
two Republics, and no change shall be made therein, except by the express and free consent 
of both Nations, lawfully given by the General Government of each, in conformity with its 
own Constitution. 

ARTICLE VI. 

The vessels and citizens of the United States shall, in all time, have a free and uninter- 
rupted passage by the Gulf of California, and by the river Colorado ; and not by land, 
without the express consent of the Mexican Government. 

1i', by the examinations that may be made, it should be ascertained to be practicable and 
advantageous to construct a Road, Canal, or Railway, which should, in whole or in part, run 
upon the river Gila, or upon its right or its left bank, within the space of one marine league 
from either margin of the river, the Governments of both Republics will form an agreement 
regarding its construction, in order that it may serve equally for the use and advantage of 
both countries. 

ARTICLE VII. 

The river Gila, and the part of the Rio del Norte lying below the southern boundary o^ 
New Mexico, being agreeably to the Fifth Article, divided in the middle between the two 
republics, the navigation of the Gila and of the Bravo, below said boundary shall be free and 
common to the vessels and citizens of both countries; and neither shall, without the consent 
of the other construct any work that may impede or interrupt in whole or in part, the exer- 
cise of this right — not even for the purpose of favoring new methods of navigation. Nor 
shall any tax or contribution, under any denomination or title be levied upon vessels or 
persons navigating the same, or upon merchandise, or effects transported thereon, except ia 
the case of landing upon one of their shores. If, for the purpose of making said rivers 
navigable, or for maintaining them in such a state, it should be necessary or advantageous to 
establish any tax or contribution, this shall not be done without the consent of both Govern- 
ments. 

The stipulations contained in the present article shall not impair the territorial rights of 
either republic, within its established limits. 

ARTICLE VIII. 

Mexicans now established in territories previously belonging to Mexico, and which remain 
for the future, within the limits of the United States, as defined by the present Treaty, shall 



THE T'R E A T Y . 123 

be free to continue where they now reside, or to remove, at any time, to the Mexican Repub- 
lic, retaining the property which they possess in the said territories, or disposing thereof, 
and removing the proceeds wherever they please, without their being subjected, on this 
account to any contribution, or tax whatever. 

Those who shall prefer to remain in said territories, may either retain the title and rights 
of Mexican citizens, or acquire those of citizens of the United States. But they shall be 
under the obligation to make their selection within one year from the date of the exchange 
of ratifications of this Treaty ; and those who shall remain in the said territories, after the 
expiration of that year, without having declared their intention to retain the character of 
Mexicans shall be considered to have elected to become citizens of the United States. 

In the said territories, property of any kind, now belonging to Mexicans not established 
there shall.be inviolably respected. The present owners, the heirs of these, and all Mexicans who 
may hereafter acquire said property by contract, shall enjoy, with respect to it, guaranties 
equally ample as if the same belonged to citizens of the United States. 

[In place of the following Article, the Senate has inserted the thu-d Article of the Treaty 
between France and the United States, for the cession of Louisiana, which provides that the 
inhabitants of the ceded territory shall be admitted to all the rights and privileges of citi- 
zenship, in accordance with the principles of the Constitution, as soon as Congress shall 
determine; and that in the meantime, they shall be protected in the enjoyment of their liber- 
ty, property and religious belief.] 

ARTICLE IX. 

The Mexicans who in the territories aforesaid, shall not preserve the character of citizens 
of the Mexican Republic, conformably with what is stipulated in the preceding article, shall 
be incorporated into the Union of the United States, and admitted as soon as possible, ac- 
cording to the principles of the Federal Constitution, to the enjoyment of all the rights of 
citizens of the United States. In the meantime they shall be maintained and protected in 
the enjoyment of their liberty, their property, and the civil rights now vested in them, 
according to the Mexican laws. With respect to political rights, their condition shall be on 
an equality with that of the inhabitants of. the other territories of the United States, and at 
least equally good as that of the inhabitants of Louisiana and the Floridas, when these prov- 
inces, by transfer from the French Republic, and the Crown of Spain, become territories of 
the United States. 

The most ample guaranty shall be enjoyed by all ecclesiastics and religious corporations, 
or communities, as well in the discharge of the offices of their ministry, as in the enjoyment 
of their property of every kind whether individual or corporate. This guaranty shall em- 
brace all temples, houses and edifices dedicated to the Roman Catholic worship ; as well as 
all property destined to its support, or to that of schools, hospitals or other foundations for 
charitable or beneficent purposes. A'o property of this nature shall be considered as having 
become the property of the American Government, or as subject to be by it disposed of, or 
diverted to other causes. 

Finally, the relations and communications between Catholics living in the territories afore- 
said, and their respective ecclesiastic authorities, shall be open, free and exempt from all 
hindrance whatever, even although such authorities should reside within the limits of the 
Mexican republic, as defined by this Treaty ; and this freedom shall continue so long as a 
new debarcation of ecclesiastical districts shall not have been made, conformably with the 
aws of the Roman Catholic Church. 

ARTICLE X. 
(expunged.^ 

All grants of land made by the Mexican Government, or by the competent authorities, ia 
TeiTitories previously appertaining to Mexico, and remaining for the future within the limits 
of the United States, shall be respected as valid, to the same extent that the same grants 
would be valid if the Territories had remained within the limits of Mexico. But the gran- 
tees of land in Texas put in possession thereof, who by reason of the circumstances of -the 
country, since the beginning of the troubles between Texas and the Mexican Government, 
may have been prevented from fulfilling all the conditions of their grants, shall be under the 
obligation to fulfil the said conditions within the periods limited in the same respectively, such 
periods to be now counted from the date of the exchange of ratifications of this Treaty ; in 
default of which, said grants shall not be obligatory on the State of Texas, in virtue of the sti- 
pulations contained in this Article. 

The foregoing stipulation in regard to grantees of land in Texas, is extended to all grantees 
of land in the territories aforesaid, elsewhere than in Texas, put in possession under such 
grants ; and in default]of the fulfillment of the conditions of any such grant, within ihc new pe- 
riod which, as is above stipulated, begins with the day of the exchange of ratifications of this 
treaty, the same shall be null and void. 



124 T H E T R E A T Y . 

The Mexican Government declares that no grant whatever of lands in Texas has been made 
since the second day of March, one thousand eight hundred and thirty-six ; and that no grant 
whatever of lands in any of the territories aforesaid, has been made since the thirteenth day 
of May, one thousacd eight hundred and forty-six. 

ARTICLE XI. ' ] 



Considering that a great part of the territories which, by the present Treaty, are to be com- 
prehended for the future within the limits of the United States, is now occupied by savage 
tribes, who will hereafter be under the control of the Government of the United States, and 
whose incursions within the territory of Mexico would be prejudicial in the extreme, it is so- 
lemnly agreed that all such incursions shall he forcibly restrained by the Government of the 
United States, whensoever this may be necessary ; and that when they cannot be prevented, 
they shall be punished by the said Government, and satisfaction for the same shall be exacted 
— all in the same way, and with equal diligence and energy as if the same incursions were 
committed within its own territory, against its own citizens. 

It shall not be lawful, under any pretext whatever, for any inhabitant of the United States 
to purchase or acquire any Mexican, or any foreigner residing in Mexico, who may hav* 
bee n captured by Indians inhabiting the territory of either of the two republics, not to pur- 
chase or acquire horses, mules, cattle, or property of any kind, stolen within the Mexican 
territory, by such Indians ; nor to provide such Indians with fire-arms or ammunition by sale 
or otherwise. 

And in the event of any person or persons captured within Mexican territory by Indians, be- 
ing carried into the territory of theUnited Sates, the Government of the latter engages and binds 
itself in the most solemn manner, so soon as it shall know of such captives being within its 
territory, and shall be able so to do, through the faithful exercise of its influence and power to 
rescue them and return them to their country, or deliver them to the agent or representative 
of theMexican Government. The Mexican authorities will, as far as practicable, give to the 
Government of the United States notice of such captures -, and its expenses incurred in the 
maintenance and transmission of the rescued captives ; who, in the mean time, shall be treat- 
ed with the utmost hospitality by the American authorities at the place where they may be. 
But if the Government of the United States, before receiving such notice from Mexico, 
should obtain intelligence, through any other channel, of the existence of Mexican captives 
within its territory, it will proceed forthwith to effect their release and delivery to the Mexican 
agent, as above stipulated. 

For the purpose of giving to these stipulations the fullest possible efficacy, thereby afford- 
ing the security and redress demanded by their true spirit and intent, the Government of the 
United States will now and hereafter pass, without unnecessary delay, and always vigilantly 
enforce, such laws as the nature of the subject may require. And finally, the sacrednessof 
this obligation shall never be lost sight of by the said Government, when providing for the 
removal of Indians from any portion of said Territories, or for its being settled by the citi- 
zens of the United States ; but, on the contrary, special care then shall be taken not to place 
its Indian occupants under the necessity of seeking newhomes, by committing those invasions 
which theUnited States have solemnly obliged themselves to restrain. 

ARTICLE XII. 

In consideration of the extension acquired by the boundaries of the United States, as de- 
fined in the fifth article of the present Treaty, the Government of the United States engages 
to pay to that of the Mexicun Republic the sum of fifteen millions of dollars in the one or 
the other of the two modes below specified. "-HIZ 

The Mexican Government shall at the time of ratifying this treaty, declare which of these 
two modes of payment it prefers; and the mode so selected by it shall be conformed to by 
tkat of the United States. 

First mode of payment — Immediately after this Treaty shall have been duly ratified by the 
Government of the Mexican Republic, the sum of three millions of dollars shall be paid to the 
said^Government by that of the United States, at the City of Mexico, in the gold or silver 
coin of Mexico. For the remaining twelve millions of dollars the United States shall create 
a slock, bearing an interest of six per centum per annum, commencing on the day of the rati- 
fication of this Treaty by the Government of the Mexican Republic, and payable annually at 
the City of Washington; the principal of said stock to be redeemable there, at the pleasure 
of the Government of the United States, at any tiijie after two years from the exchange of 
ratifications of this Treaty; six months' public notice of the intention to redeem the same 
being previously given. Certificates of such stock, in proper form, for such sums as shall be 
specified by the Mexican Government, shall be delivered, and transferable by the said Govern- 
ment to the same by that of the United States. 



THE TREATY. 125 

s 

Second mode of payment— -Immediately after this Treaty shall have been duly ratified by 
the Government of the Mexican Kepublic, the sum of three millions of dollars shall be paid to 
the said Government by that of the United States, at the City of Mexico, in the gold or sil- 
ver coin of Mexico. The remaining twelve millions of dollars shall be paid at the same place 
and in the same coin, in annual instalments of three millions of dollars each, together with in- 
terest on the same, at the rate of six per centum per annum. This interest shall begin to run 
upon the whole sum of twelve millions from the day of the ratification of the present Treaty bv 
the Mexican Government, and the first of the installments shall be paid at the expiration of one 
year from the same day. Together with each annual instalment, as it falls due, the whole 
interest accruing on such installment from the beginning shall also be paid. 

[Certificates in the proper form for the said instalments, respectively, in sums as shall be 
desired by the Mexican Government, and transferable by it, shall be delivered to the said 
Government by that of the United States.] 

[N. B. The first of these modes is rejected. The latter is adopted, with the exception of 
the last paragraph, in brackets.] 

ARTICLE XIII. 

The United States engage, moreover, to assume and pay to the claimants all the amounts 
now due them, and these hereafter to become due, by reason of the claims already liquidated 
and decided against the Mexican Republic, under the Conventions between the two republics 
severally concluded on the eleventh day of April, eighteen hundred and thirty-nine, and on 
the thirtieth day of January, eighteen hundred and forty-three ; so that the Mexican Republic 
shall be absolutely exempt, for the future, from all expense whatever on account of the said 
claims. 

ARTICLE XIV. 

The United States do farthermore discharge the Mexican Republic from all claims of citi- 
zens of the United States, not heretofore decided against the Mexican Government, which 
may have arisen previously to the date of the signature of this Treaty ; which discharge shall 
be final and perpetual, whether the said claims be rejected or be allowed by the Board of 
Commissioners provided for in the following article, and whatever shall be the total amount 
of those allowed. 

ARTICLE XV. 

^The United States, exonerating Mexico from all demands on account of the claims of thei 
citizens mentioned in the preceding article, and considering them entirely and forever canceled 
whatever their amount may be, undertake to make satisfaction for the same, to an amount not 
exceeding three and one-quarter millions of dollars. To ascertain the validity and amount 
of those claims, a Board of Commissioners shall be established by the Government of the 
United States, whose awards shall be final and conclusive; provided, that in deciding upon 
the validity of each claim, the Board shall be guided and governed by the principles and rules 
of decision prescribed by the first and fifth articles of the unratified Convention, concluded at 
-the City of Mexico on the twentieth day of November, one thousand eight hundred and forty- 
three; and in no case shail an award be made in favor of any claim not embraced by these 
principles and rules. 

If, in the opinion of the said Board of Commissioners, or of the claimants, any books, 
records or documents in the possession or power of the Government of the Mexican Re- 
public, shall be deemed necessary to the just decision of any claim, the Commissioners, or the 
claimants through them, shall, within such period as Congress may designate, make an appli- 
cation in writing for the same, be assessed to the Mexican Minister fur Foreign Affairs, to be 
transmitted by the Secretary of State of the United States; and the Mexican Government 
engages, at the earliest possible moment after the receipt of such demand, to cause any of the 
books, records or documents so specified, which shall be in their possession or power (or au- 
thenticated copies or extracts of the same) to be transmitted to the said Secretary of State, 
who shall immediately deliver them over to the said Board of Commissioners: provided, that 
no such apphcation shall be made by or at the instance of any claimant, until the facts which 
it is expected to prove by such books, records or documents shall have been stated under oath 
orJaffirmation. 

A R T I C L Ei X V I . 

Each of the contracting parties reserves to itself the entire right to fortify whatever point 
within its tetritory it may judge proper so to fortify for its security. 



126 THE TREATY. 

ARTILE XVII. 
The treaty of amity, commerce, and navigation, concluded at the City of Mexico on the 
5th day of April, A.D., 1851, between the United States of America and the United Mexican 
States, except the additional article, and except so far as the stipulations of the said Treaty 
may not be incompatible with any stipulation contained in the present Treaty, is hereby re- 
vived for the period of eight years from the day of the exchange of ratifications of this Trea- 
ty, with the same force and virtue as if incorporated therein ; it being understood that each of 
■ the contracting parties reserves to itself the right, at any time after the said period of eight 
years shall have expired to terminate the same by giving one year's notice of such inten- 
tion to the other party. 

ARTICLE XVIII. 

All supplies whatever of troops of the United States in Mexico, arriving at ports in the oc 
cupation of such troops previous to the final evacuation thereof, although subsequently to the 
restoration of the Custom- Houses at such ports, shall be entirely exempt from duties and 
charges of any kind; the Government of the United States hereby engaging and pledging its 
faith to establish, and vigilantly to enforce all possible guards for securing the revinue of Mexi- 
co, by preventing the importation, under cover of this stipulation, of any articles other than 
such, both in kind and in quality, as shall really'be wanted for the use and consumption of the 
forces of the United States during the time they may remain in Mexico. To this end it 
shall be the duty of all officers ani agents of the United States to denounce to the Mexican 
authorities at the respective ports any attempts at a fraudulent abuse of this stipulation 
which they may know of or may have reason to suspect, and to give to such authorities all 
the aid in their power with regard thereto; and every such attempt, when dulv proved and 
established by sentence of a competent tribunal, shall be punished by the confiscation of the 
propertv so attempted to be fraudulently introduced. 

ARTICLE XIX. 

With respect to all merchandise, effects and property whatsoever, imported into ports of 
Mexico while in the occupation of the forces of the United Stages, whether by citizens of either 
republic, or by citizens or subjects of any neutral nation, the following rules shall be observed : 

1. Allsueh merchandise, effects, and property, if imported previously to the rest')ration of 
the custom- houses to the Mexican authorities, as stipulated fur in the third article of this 
treaty, shall be exempt from confiscaion, although the importation of the same Be prohibited 
by the Mexican Tariff. 

2. The same perfect exemption shall be enjoyed by all such merchandise, effects and pro- 
perty, imported subsequently to the rsstoration of the Custom-Houses, and previously to the 
sixty days fixed in the following article for the coming into force of the Mexican Tariff, at 
such ports respectively; the said merchandise, effects, and property, being however, at the 
time of their importatiom subject to the payment of duties, as provided for in the said follow- 
ing article. 

3. All merchandise, effects, and property described in the two rules foregoing, shall, during 
their continuance at the place of importation, or upon their leaving such place for the inte- 
rior, be exempt from all duty, tax or impost of every kind, under whatsoever title or deno- 
mination. Nor shall they be there subject to any charge whatsoever upon the sale thereof. 

4. All merchandise, effects, and property, described in the first and second rules, which 
shall have been removed to any place in the interior while such place was in the occupation of 
the forces of the United States, shall, during their continuanee the: ein, be exempt from all 
tax upon the sale of consumption thereof, and from every kind of impost or contribution, un- 
der whatsoever title or denomination. 

5. But if any merchandise, effects, or property, described in the first and second rules shall 
be removed to any place not occupied at the time by the forces of the United States, they shall, 
upon their introduction into such place, or upon their sale or consumption there, be subject 
to the same duties which, under the Mexican laws, they would be required to pay in such 
cases if they had been imported in time of peace, through the maritime custom-houses, and 
and had there paid the duties conformably with the Mexican Tariff. 

6. The owners of all merchandise, effects or property described in the first and second rules 
and existing in any port of Mexico, shall have the right to reship the same, exempt from all 
tax, impost, or contribution whatever. 

With respect to the metals, or other property, exported from any Mexican port while in the 
occupation of the forces of the United States, and previously to the restoration of the Custom 
House at such port, no person shall be' required by the Mexican authorities, whether general 
or State, to pay any tax, duty, or contribution upon any such exportation, or m any manner 
to account for the same to the said authorities. 



THE TREATY, 127 

ARTICLE XX. 

Through consideration for the interests of commerce generally, it is agreed that if less than 
sixty days should elapse between the date of the signature of this Treaty and the restora- 
tion of the custom-houses, conformably with a stipulation in the third Article, in such 
case, all merchandise, clfects, and property whatsoever, arriving at the Mexican ports after 
the restoration of -the said custom-houses, and previously to the expiration of sixty days after 
the signature of this Treaty," shall be admitted to entrj-; and no other duties shall be levied 
thereon than the duties established by the Tariff found in force at such custom-houses at the 
time of the restoration of the same. And to all such merchandise, effects and property, the 
rules established in the preceding Article shall apply. 

ARTICLE XXI. 

If, unhappily, any disagi-eement should hereafter aaise between the Governments of the 
two Republics, whethar with respect to the interpretation of any stipulation In this treaty or 
with respect to any other particular concerning the political or commercial relations of the 
two nations, the said Governments, in the name of those nations, do promise to each other 
that they will endeavor, in the most sincere and earnest manner, to settle the difference so 
arising, and to preserve the state of peace and friendship in which the two countries are now 
placing themselves; using, for this end, mutual representations and pacific negotiations. 
And, if, by these means, they^hould not be enabled to come to an agreement, a resort shall 
not, on this account, be had in reprisals, aggressions, or hostility of any kind by the one Re- 
pubhc against the other, until the Government of that which deems itself aggrieved shall have 
maturely considered, in the spirit of peace and good neighborship, whether it would not be 
better that such difference should be settled by the arbitration of Commissioners appointed 
on each side, or by that of a friendly nation. And should such course be proposed \>y either 
party, it shall be acceded to by the other, unless deemed by it altogether incompatible with 
the nature of the difference, or the circumstances of the case. 

ARTICLE XXII. 

If, (which is not to be expected, and which God forbid I) war shall unhappily break ou 
between the two Republics, they do now, with a view to such calamity, pledge themselves to 
each other and to the world, to obseiwe the following rules, absolutely, where the nature of the 
subject permits, and as closely as possible in all cases where such absolute observance shall 
be impossible. 

1. The merchants of either Republic then residing in the other shall be allowed to remain 
twelve months, (for those dwelling in the^^interior,) and sue months (for those dwellin"- 
at the seaports,) to collect their debts and settle their affairs ; during which periods, they 
shall enjoy the same protection, and be on the same footing, in all respects, as the citizens or 
subjects of the most friendly nations ; and, at the expiration thereof, or at any time before, 
they shall have full liberty to depart, carrying off all their effects without molestation or 
hindrance ; conforming therein to the same laws which the citizens or subjects of the most 
friendly nations are required to conform to. Upon the entrance of the armies of either na • 
tion into the territories of the other, women and cliildren, ecclesiastics, scholars of everv facul- 
ty, cultivators of the earth, merchants, artisans, manufacturers, and fishermen, unarmed, auU 
inhabiting unfortified towns, villages or places, and in general all persons whose occupations 
are for the common subsistence and benefit of mankind, shall be allowed to continue their 
respective employments unmolested in their persons. Nor shall their houses or goods be 
burnt or otherwise destroyed, nor their cattle taken, nor their fields wasted, by the armed force 
into whose power, by the events of war, they may happen to fall ; but if the necessity 
arise to take anything from them for the use of such armed force, the same shall be paid for 
at an equitable price. All churches, hospitals, schools, colleges, libraries, and other establish- 
ments, for charitable and beneficent purposes, shall be respected, and all persons connected 
■with the same protected in the discharge of their duties, and the pursuits of their vocations. 

2. In order that the fate of prisoners of war may be alleviated, all such practices as those 
of sending them into distant, incHment, or unwholesome districts, or crowding them into close 
and noxious places, shall be studiously avoided. They shal^not be confined in dungeons,prison- 
ships or prisons ; nor be put in irons, or bound, or otherwise restrained in the use of their 
limbs. The officers shall enjoy liberty on their paroles, within convenient districts, and have 
comfortable quarters ; and the common soldiers shall be disposed in cantonments, open and 
extensive enough for air and e.xercise, and lodged in barracks as roomy and good as are pro- 
vided by the party in whose power they are for its own troops. But if any officer shall break 
his parole by leaving the district so assigned him, or any other prisoner shall escape from the 
imits of his cantonment, after they shal! have been designated to him, such individual, officer, 



128 THE TREATY. 

or Other prisoner shall forfeit- so much of the benefit of this article as provides for his liberty 
on parole or in cantonment. And if an officer so breaking his parole, or any common soldier 
so escaping from the limits assigned him, shall afterward be found in arms, previously to his 
being regularly exchanged, the person so offending shall be dealt with according to tBe estab- 
lished laws of war. The officers shalt be daily furnished by the party in whose power they 
are, with as many rations, and of the same articles, as are allowed, ether in kind or by comu- 
tation, to officers of equal rank in its own army ; and all others shall be daily furnished with 
such ration as is allowed to a common soldier in its own service ; the value of all which sup- 
Tjlies shall, at the close of the war, or at periods to be agreed upon between the respective com- 
manders, be paid by the other party, on a mutual adjustment of accounts for the subsistence 
of prisoners ; and snch accounts shall not be mingled with or set off against any others, nor 
the balance due on them withheld, as a compensation or reprisal for any cause whatever, 
real or pretended. Each party shall be allowed to keep a commissary of prisoners, appointed 
by itself, with every cantonment of prisoners, in possession of the other ; which commissary 
shall see the prisoners as often as he pleases ; shall be allowed to receive, exempt from all du- 
ties or taxes, and to distribute, whatever comforts muy be sent to them by their friends ; 
and shall be free to transmit his reports in open letters to the party by whom he is employed. 
And it is declared that nether the pretence that war dissolves all Treaties, nor any other 
whatever shall be considered as annuling or suspending the solemn covenant contained in 
this article. On the contrary, the state of war is precisely tha^ for which it is provided ; and 
during which, its stipulations are to be as sacredly observed as the most acknowledged obli- 
o-ations under the law of nature or Natiions. 

ARTICLE XXIII. 

This treaty shall be ratified by the President of the United States of America, by and with 
the advice and consent of the Senate thereof ; and by the President of the Mexican Republic 
with the p.ovious approbation of its General Congress ; and the ratifications shall be exchang- 
ed in the city of Washington, iit four months from the date of the signature hereof, or sooner 
if practable. 

In faith whereof, we, the respective Plenipotentiaries, have signed this Treaty of Peace, 
friendship, limits, and settlement ; and have hereunto affixed our seals respectively. Done 
in Quintuplicate, at the City of Guadalupe Hidalgo, on the second day of February, in the 
year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and forty-eight. 

^ N. P. TRIST, [l. S.J 

LUIS G. CUEVAS, [l. s.] 
BERNARDO CONTO. [l. s.l 
MIG. ATRISTAIN, [l. s.J 

Additional and Secret Article of the Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Limits, and 
Settlement between the United States of America and the Mexican Republic, signed 
this day by their respective Plenipotentiaries. (Expunged.) 

In view of the possibility that the exchange of the ratifications of this Treaty may, by t be 
circumstances in which the Mexican Republic is placed, be delayed longer than the term of 
four months fixed by its twenty-third article for the exchange of ratifications of the same, it 
is hereby agreed that such delay shall not, in any manner, affect the force and validity of th s 
Treaty, unless it should exceed the term of eight months, counted from the date of the signa- 
ture thereof. 

". 'lis article is to have the same force and virtue as it inserted in the treaty to which ^this 
is i:a addition. . . 

In faith whereof, we, the respective Plenipotrntiaries, have signed this additional and secret 
article, and have hereunto affixed our seals, respectively. Done in quintuplicate at the City 
of Guadalupe Hidalgo, on the second day of February, in the year of our Lord one thousand 
eight hundred and forty-eight. 

^ N. P. TRIST, [l. s.J 

LUIS G. CUEVAS, [l. s.] 
BERNARDO CONTO, [l. s.] 
MIG. ATRISTAIN, [l- s.] 



LB N 06 



u.DnMhiYUF CONGRESS 



011 896 909 1 



